2. 沈阳地质调查中心, 辽宁 沈阳 110034;
3. 东北大学秦皇岛分校, 河北 秦皇岛 066004;
4. 辽宁省地质矿产研究院, 辽宁 沈阳 110029
2. Shenyang Institute of Geology and Mineral Resource, Shenyang 110034, Liaoning, China;
3. Qinhuangdao Branch of Northeast University, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, China;
4. Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources of Liaoning, Shenyang 110029, Liaoning, China
赤峰—朝阳金矿化集中区是中国重要的金矿产地之一,一直是研究的热点[1, 2, 3],区内已发现大中型金矿床4 处,小型金矿床10 余处,金矿化点200 余处[4]。前人对区内典型金矿的研究认为,与金成矿关系最为密切的是燕山期侵入体[1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]。对金厂沟梁金矿、二道沟金矿、郝杖子金矿、小塔子沟金矿及东五家子金矿的研究表明,金矿床受中心岩体的控制作用,分布在中心岩体周围特定的空间位置[9, 10, 14]。陈勇等运用证据权方法对本区进行综合信息金矿成矿预测,认为该区还具有105 t 金的潜在资源量,具有非常好的找矿前景[15, 16, 17],所以对本区燕山期侵入体的研究对区域上金矿的找矿工作具有重要的指导意义。烧锅营子金矿区处于赤峰—朝阳金矿化集中区,乌克朝、张家沟、孟家沟(张家沟与孟家沟合起来也叫松岭金矿)、霍家地、偏山线及烧锅营子(黑水)金矿产于烧锅营子岩体南部内接触带[18, 19, 20],笔者在此区域进行区域地质调查时,又新发现了山前与水泉沟2处金矿化点也处于岩体内接触带(图1),梨树沟金矿及撰山子金矿产于此岩体外接触带,这些金矿的成因与烧锅营子岩体关系密切[21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28]。结合前人对金厂沟梁、二道沟、郝杖子、安家营子等金矿的研究结果,即在中心岩体的控制作用下,金矿床分布在中心岩体周围特定的空间位置[9, 10],因此对烧锅营子岩体的研究对本区地表、深部金矿找矿工作具有重要意义。
前人对烧锅营子地区矿床开展过研究工作,在该区花岗岩体特征、矿田构造特征、矿床地质特征、矿物标型特征、矿床成因[29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35]及构造控矿规律[18]等方面取得了重要成果。前人研究结果表明,烧锅营子岩体形成于燕山期早期,岩体与金矿脉体为同时、同源的产物[34],确定岩体时代即为金矿成矿时代,但对其形成时代一直缺乏精确、可靠的年代学制约。故本文主要报道烧锅营子岩体的高精度锆石U-Pb 年代学研究结果,以此限定烧锅营子金矿的形成时代,并结合花岗岩岩石地球化学特征,探讨岩石成因及其动力学背景,对华北克拉通北缘金矿床的成矿背景具有重要意义,为区域上此种类型岩体周边的金矿勘察提供岩石学依据。
1 地质概况及样品特征烧锅营子岩体位于内蒙古自治区东南和辽宁省西部的交界位置,构造位置处于华北克拉通北缘中段,其北紧邻兴蒙造山带。烧锅营子岩体位于辽宁省建平县境内,向西距离赤峰约50 km(图1)。该岩体呈岩基状构成烧锅营子隆起主体,面积达388km2。前人研究❶(❶辽宁地质局第二区域地质测量队.1∶20 万敖汉旗幅区调地质调查报告[R]. 1976.)描述岩体中央相主要由粗-中粗粒黑云母花岗岩组成;边缘相多为细粒二长岩类。岩体因受构造破坏形状极不完整,其侵入古元古代宝音图群(Pt1by)、二叠系三面井组(P1sm)、额里图组(P1e)并使其发生硅化、绿帘石化等;在岩体与孙家湾组(K2sj)接触位置发育有断层,岩体与断层一起被孙家湾组(K2sj)角度不整合覆盖(图1)。对于此岩体年代学研究还未见报道,仅根据其接触关系,认为烧锅营子花岗岩是燕山期的侵入体。
笔者在此区域进行1∶5 万区域地质调查时发现,该花岗岩体岩石类型较单一,仅出露二长花岗岩,边缘相为细粒二长花岗岩,往中心粒度逐渐变为中粗粒二长花岗岩,逐渐过渡为有粒径1~2 cm的似斑晶的斑状二长花岗岩。岩石风化面灰褐色,新鲜面浅肉红色,半自形粒状结构,块状构造。主要矿物成分为石英(25%~27%),颗粒大小不均一,波状消光明显,表面干净;斜长石(30%~35%)呈半自形粒状,粒径约为1 mm,聚片双晶发育,一般作为基质成分,多蚀变为绢云母和粘土矿物;碱性长石(30%~35%)多为斑晶,主要为正长石、条纹长石以及微斜长石等,镜下可见简单双晶和格子双晶,呈宽板状,颗粒较大约为3~5 mm×10~15 mm,斑晶周围可看到石英和长石形成的蠕虫结构;暗色矿物有少量黑云母(5%~8%)出现,副矿物有锆石、磷灰石、榍石及磁铁矿等。
2 锆石年代学 2.1 样品制备及测试本文采集的样品采用常规方法进行粉碎、筛选、清洗和烘干,然后采用磁选和重液分选出锆石晶体,随后在双目镜下挑选透明度和晶形较好、无明显裂痕的锆石颗粒置于双面胶上,灌上环氧树脂制靶,固化后打磨抛光使锆石内部结构暴露,用于透射光、反射光、阴极发光(CL)锆石图像采集和锆石原位单点U-Pb 定年。样品的破碎和锆石挑选由河北省廊坊市宇能矿物分选有限公司完成,背散射图像在吉林大学完成,锆石阴极发光图像(CL)采集在中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所完成。
样品锆石U-Pb 同位素定年是由中国地质大学(北京)科学研究院地质过程与矿产资源国家重点实验室完成。分析仪器为由激光(波长193 nm)剥蚀进样系统(UPI93SS)和Agilent 7500a 型四级杆等离子质谱仪联合构成的激光等离子质谱仪(LAICP-MS)。采用He 作为剥蚀物质的载气,激光器工作频率为10 Hz。测试点的激光束斑直径为36μm,剥蚀时间为45 s。锆石U-Pb 及年龄标准选用标准锆石91500,使用锆石中含量稳定29Si 作为内标,以标准锆石TEMORA(416±5)Ma 和QH(160±1)Ma 作为辅助变样。锆石U-Pb 同位素比值由ICP-MS测定,比值采用GLITTER 4.4 程序,年龄计算采用国际标准程序Isoplot/Ex(3.0)。普通铅校正方法同Anderson [36]。实验过程参见徐平文献[37]。实验测试结果列于表1。同时对烧锅营子岩体样品进行了主量元素、微量元素和稀土元素测定,测试在国土资源部沈阳地质调查中心检测分析中心完成,数据列于表2。
本文对取自烧锅营子花岗岩体的3 个样品进行了锆石U-Pb同位素测年,测试结果见表1。由于所测定的岩石形成于中生代,其结果以206Pb/238U年龄计算,年龄误差为2σ。
样品PM201-18-1,岩性为中粗粒黑云母二长花岗岩。从CL阴极发光图像可以看出锆石的晶型好,多为短柱状(长宽比多为4∶1),具有较清晰的内部结构,岩浆振荡型环带发育(图2)。锆石的Th/U比值较高,分布在0.64~1.34,这些特征指示锆石为典型的岩浆锆石[38, 39, 40]。该样品共进行了25 个锆石颗粒的测定,9 号点与11 号点调谐度比较高,故在作图中舍掉。其余23 个点测试结果位于谐和线上及其附近,数据变化范围小,数据点成群分布,具有很好的谐和度(图3-a),指示这些锆石为同一期岩浆事件形成的。这些锆石的年龄代表了岩石的形成年龄。206Pb/238U 加权平均年龄为(159.1±1.5)Ma(n=23),MSDW=2.9,代表了样品PM201-18-1 岩浆结晶年龄。
样品PM201-23-2,岩性为细粒黑云母二长花岗岩。从分析结果可以看出(表1),此样品的Pb、Th、U含量都很高,锆石的Th/U比值比较低,分布在0.13~0.21,但并没有<0.1,而且锆石晶型良好,多为柱状,边部为棱角状,具有典型的岩浆振荡型环带,显示其岩浆成因特征[40, 41]。该样品共进行了25 个锆石颗粒的测定。由于16 个点的调谐度都很高,仅有9 个点在谐和曲线上,但是分布稍微有些离散(图3-b)。206Pb/238U 加权平均年龄为(160.2 ± 4.4) Ma,MSDW=7.7,代表了细粒黑云母二长花岗岩结晶年龄。
样品PM201-24-2,岩性为斑状黑云母二长花岗岩。锆石晶型良好,多为柱状,具有岩浆振荡型环带,锆石的Th/U 比值较高(0.21~0.81),显示岩浆成因特征[38, 39, 40]。该样品共进行了25 个锆石颗粒的测定,其中3 号点调谐度很高故舍掉,2、8、15、17、18、21 等6 个点数据年龄为(1802±19) Ma、(243±3) Ma、(231±3) Ma、(236±3) Ma、(184±2) Ma和(187±3) Ma,为捕获锆石(图3-c)。其余18 个点均在谐和曲线上或附近(图3-d)。206Pb/238U 加权平均年龄为(160.1±1.1) Ma,MSDW=1.3,代表了样品PM201-24-2岩浆结晶年龄。
3 岩石地球化学特征选择了8 个样品进行了主量元素、微量元素和稀土元素测定,测试在国土资源部沈阳地质调查中心检测分析中心完成,数据列于表2。
3.1 主量元素该区花岗岩高SiO2含量(73.99%~77.8%),分异指数DI 为89.79~96.03,显示岩石经历了高分异演化;A/CNK 值介于0.91~1.11,属于过铝质到准铝质花岗岩(图4-a);碱含量中等偏低,K2O+ Na2O=7.39%~8.92%,K2O 含量较高(3.7%~5.1%),K2O/Na2O介于1.03~1.59;Fe、Mg、Ti 氧化物含量相对较低。在SiO2-K2O图解(图4-b),8 个样品基本落入了中钾—高钾钙碱性系列中。上述特点显示该地区花岗岩具有富硅、略富铝、高钾、低镁、钠、贫钙的特征。
岩石稀土总量ΣREE 除1 个样品较高(249.84×10-6)外,其他稀土总量都比较低,92.06 × 10-6~169.03×10-6,平均含量为137.61×10-6。轻重稀土比值为6.06~20.09,在稀土元素球粒陨石标准化图解上(图5-a)可以看出,轻重稀土分馏明显,重稀土呈比较平坦分布。δ Eu 为0.08~0.60,具有中等-比较强烈的负铕异常。
在原始地幔蛛网图上可以看出(图5-b),烧锅营子岩体具有富集高场强元素Th、Zr、Nd和Rb、K,相对亏损大离子亲石元素Nb、Sr和P、Ti,显示在岩浆演化过程中存在长石类矿物或Fe-Ti 氧化物等矿物的强烈结晶分异。具有低的Sr 含量(36.97×10-6~99.74×10-6)、低Yb(0.94×10-6~3.36×10-6)含量,显示出强烈的负Sr 异常。
4 讨论 4.1 花岗岩的形成年龄及其对成矿作用时代的制约通过锆石U-Pb 测试结果可以看出烧锅营子岩体3 个年龄在误差范围内一致,由此可知,烧锅营子地区侏罗纪不同结构的二长花岗岩均形成于160Ma 左右,时代为晚侏罗世早期。前人通过总结认为金成矿作用通常大体同时或稍晚于各自区内最后一次花岗质岩浆作用的时间[14, 42]。烧锅营子岩体周边的金矿化与烧锅营子岩体于时间、空间及成因上呈现出同源联系[34],因此,烧锅营子岩体周边金矿床(点)的形成时代为160 Ma或稍晚。
朝阳—赤峰金矿区其他金矿床研究结果显示,金矿成矿时代主要为早白垩世。区内代表性的金矿床金厂沟梁—二道沟金矿田内金矿化作用发生在123~116 Ma[14],安家营子金矿田形成年龄为132~126 Ma[9]。在华北地台北缘其他金矿的重要成矿时代也是这个时期[43, 44, 45]。从表3 和图6 可以看出,朝阳—赤峰地区金矿大规模成矿作用发生在245~237Ma、132~123 Ma两个时间段。
本文研究的烧锅营子岩体时代为晚侏罗世,其周边的金矿点也是此时代形成,而在华北地台北缘还未见此时期的金矿床。但在整个中国东部,此时期与金矿有关的花岗岩体分布比较多。胶东地区晚侏罗世是重要的金矿形成时代[46],例如玲珑花岗岩形成时间为158.5 Ma[47];在中国东北部160 Ma左右也是金矿重要成矿时代[48],夹皮沟金矿斑状二长花岗岩158~168 Ma[49]、花岗闪长岩153 Ma[48],海沟岩体二长花岗岩167 Ma[50],海沟金矿成矿年龄为165~170 Ma[51]。韩世炯等总结中国东北部陆缘的金矿成矿时代分为170~160 Ma、130~110 Ma、110~90 Ma 3个时间段[48],这段与胶东地区成矿时代(160~141 Ma、130~110 Ma、105~81 Ma)[46]十分耦合,说明中国东部地区金矿主要的成矿时期除早白垩世外[52],还存在一期160 Ma左右的金的成矿作用。
因此,结合前人资料总结认为朝阳—赤峰地区金矿成矿时代除了245~237 Ma、132~123 Ma 两个时间段外,可能在160 Ma左右也存在一期金的富集成矿。这3 个时间段与赤峰—朝阳地区中生代3 期岩浆作用在时间上耦合[42]。
4.2 岩体成因及源区特征主量元素特征显示烧锅营子岩体花岗岩具有富硅、略富铝、高钾、低镁、钠、磷、贫钙的特征,铝饱和指数(A/CNK)仅有一个大于1.1,其余为0.92~1.05,因此不具备S 型花岗岩特征,而中低碱含量,低钠含量,也不具备A型花岗岩特征。岩体显示出高钾特征(图4-a),稀土元素表现出轻、重稀土元素的明显分异且均具有Eu 负异常,稀土元素配分曲线显示出右倾V 字型波谷状特征,结合其矿物组合特征判断出烧锅营子岩体为高钾钙碱性Ⅰ 型花岗岩[6 0]。烧锅营子岩体具有富集高场强元素Th、Zr、Nd 和Rb、K,相对亏损大离子亲石元素Nb、Sr 和P、Ti,显示在岩浆演化过程中存在长石类矿物或Fe-Ti 氧化物等矿物的强烈结晶分异。明显的Sr 负异常及负Eu 异常,表明源区具有斜长石残留,或可能在岩浆演化结晶过程中发生明显的斜长石分离结晶作用。
Sr 对于石榴石和辉石是强不相容元素,而HREE 和Y对于石榴石是强相容元素,因此与石榴石平衡的花岗岩富Sr,相应的Sr/Yb 和Sr/Y 比值高,形成于高压环境[61, 62, 63]。Hollocher and Robinson 的模拟计算也表明,低Sr 花岗岩的源岩无石榴石出现,形成在相对低的压力下(<10 kbar)[64]。张旗等[65, 66]总结认为从非常低Sr 高Yb 型→低Sr 高Yb 型→低Sr 低Yb型→高Sr 低Yb型花岗岩,其源区深度可能是增加的。烧锅营子侏罗系花岗岩体具有低Sr、低Yb、Y(表2)含量的特点,在Yb-Sr(图7)演化图解上,处于低Sr 低Yb 区,说明岩体形成于低压环境,花岗岩岩体源区较浅,深度可能为30 km左右[65]。
目前对冀北—辽西地区中—晚侏罗世的构造背景存在争议,一种观点认为中生代本区受古太平洋板块俯冲作用影响[3, 67, 68, 69];而近些年另一种观点认为本区此时是受蒙古—鄂霍茨克构造体系影响[70, 71, 72]。本区域在二叠纪末—三叠纪初,古亚洲洋关闭,华北地块与南蒙古复合地体最终碰撞拼合[73],中三叠世—早侏罗世进入后造山地壳伸展环境,产生一系列幔源及壳源岩浆活动,并可能持续到早侏罗世[74]。随后进入构造转折期,构造线由近东西向变为北东及北北东向,构造体制由挤压为主转变为以伸展为主体[75]。张连昌对西拉木伦铜钼成矿带研究也显示,在本区180~150 Ma为构造体系转折期[68]。但贾三石通过对冀北—辽西金矿矿集区地质特征研究认为200~145 Ma为板内挤压隆升期,其动力来源于太平洋板块的俯冲[3]。也就是说此时已经开始受到太平洋板块俯冲作用的影响。晚中生代以来,华北边缘及中国东部经历了强烈的岩石圈减薄与伸展[76],张拴宏[77]认为晚侏罗世—早白垩世以来,华北地块北缘侵入体的隆升及剥露应与本区及中国东部地壳强烈伸展有关[76],并且本区中侏罗世—早白垩世( 163~125 Ma) 岩浆活动发育在伸展构造背景中,与岩石圈减薄存在密切的成因联系[78],这种减薄是在太平洋板块俯冲的背景下形成的。
烧锅营子花岗岩的形成时代为160 Ma,地球化学特征显示烧锅营子岩体源区形成深度可能在30km左右,深度比较浅,与此时区域上的地壳强烈伸展的构造背景有关。在Y-Nb图解上(图8-a)烧锅营子岩体处于火山弧和同碰撞的区域,而在(Y+Nb)-Rb 图解上(图8-b)烧锅营子岩体为火山弧区域,也说明烧锅营子岩体形成于伸展拉张的背景下。在晚侏罗世—早白垩世是东北地区火山岩的主要喷发阶段,而此时的火山活动是受太平洋板块俯冲作用影响[67, 69],并且烧锅营子岩体NE向展布也符合太平洋构造域的构造方向(图1)。综上认为,烧锅营子岩体形成于太平洋板块俯冲背景下的弧后伸展环境。
(1)通过锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb 定年,确定了烧锅营子花岗岩的结晶年龄为160 Ma左右,为晚侏罗世早期,而非早侏罗世。代表了烧锅营子岩体周围金矿(点)形成于此时或稍晚于此时,为华北地台北缘金矿成矿时代研究提供了新资料。结合前人研究成果将朝阳—赤峰地区金矿成矿时代分为245~237 Ma、160 Ma、132~123 Ma三期。
(2)地球化学特征研究表明,富硅、略富铝、高钾、低镁、钠、磷、贫钙的特征,铝饱和指数(A/CNK)中等,轻、重稀土元素的明显分异且均具有Eu 负异常等地球化学特征显示烧锅营子岩体为高钾钙碱性Ⅰ 型花岗岩。富集高场强元素Th、Zr、Nd 和Rb、K,相对亏损大离子亲石元素Nb、Sr 和P、Ti,明显的Sr、Eu负异常,其岩浆形成于30 km左右深度。
(3)综合区域地质背景及地球化学特征分析,烧锅营子岩体形成于古太平洋板块俯冲背景下的伸展环境。
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