Abstract：By using the theory and method of modern structural analysis, the paper analyses the explosion seismic sounding profiling and natural seismic surface wave tomographic imaging in the Koktokay of Xinjiang to Jianyang of Sichuan geoscience transect and integrates the results of research on geology, geochemistry, structural petrology of deep-seated xenoliths and geophysical signs. These studies indicate that the geometric structure pattern of high-speed blocks or mantle block tectonics is one of the basic conditions for controlling the lithospheric tectonic pattern and tectonic deformation of the lithospheric surface. The crustal, lithospheric and asthenospheric velocity structure models and material composition models are constructed in this geoscience transect. Based on a systematic study of the high-speed blocks in the lithosphere, three geometric structures of the lithosphere are distinguished: craton-root-shaped structure, orogen-wedge-shaped structure and plateau-root-shaped structure, and two tectonic evolution types of the lithospheres are recognized: cratonic lithosphere and thickened lithosphere. Based on the aforesaid systematic description, the paper discusses the structural types of the asthenosphere, interaction between the lithosphere and asthenosphere and mantle dynamic model of this geoscience transect.