Soil heavy metal pollution is currently the most prominent soil environmental pollution problem in China. The total national soil pollution exceedance rate is 16.1%, mainly heavy metal pollution, including cadmium point exceedance rate of 7%, which is threatening on the food security. We introduced the status of soil heavy metal pollution, sorted the traditional and emerging methods and technologies of soil heavy metal pollution detection and analysis, and described the technical trends such as the detection of heavy metals at the molecular level and the application of biosensing technology to the detection of heavy metals. Considering the complexity of the soil system, the focus of future development should be to achieve the intersection of geoscience, chemistry, and biology, strengthen the theoretical research on the bioavailability of heavy metals, form a biological effectiveness analysis and detection indicators for soil heavy metals pollution, and make the evaluation method scientific, standardized, and unified. Make further efforts to promote integration of national heavy metals analysis standards with international standards.