Abstract:Abstract：Iron resource is an important metal resource in China. Summary of iron metallogeny and analysis of iron resource potential are of theoretical and practical significance. This paper summarizes the natural endowment characteristics of the iron resource in China. Iron deposits in China are classified into metamorphosed sedimentary-type iron deposits, magmatic-type iron deposits, contact metasomatic-hydrothermal-type iron deposits, volcanogenic type iron deposits, sedimentary type iron deposits and weathering-infiltration type iron deposits as well as 40 typical iron deposit styles. Metallogenic models of Anshan type, Damiao type, Mengku type and Daxigou type iron deposits are established. This paper divides China’s iron resource into 36 iron minerogenic units, and also summarizes the temporal and spatial distribution of iron deposits of different genetic types, different deposit sizes, and different ore types. The resource potential of 7 important minerogenetic units is also discussed.

Abstract:Abstract：Based on 1：250000 regional geological survey in a blank area of northern Tibetan Plateau, the authors studied the middle Kunlun fault belt in such aspects as structure properties and rock types, geochemistry and sources of the basement metamorphic rocks (including the meta-basic volcanic rocks and metapelite), cover sedimentary rocks, Precambrian felsic intrusive rocks, and mafic-ultramafic intrusive rocks. The results show that the north and south sides of the Kunlun fault zone is completely different in continental lithosphere, sedimentary rocks, crust and mantle structure, physical properties and geochemical composition. It is thus suggested that the East Kunlun orogenic belt is actually a land mass of the collision between two continental-margin orogenic complexes. Therefore, the north land mass and the south land mass did not belong to the same land mass in Proterozoic, and the middle Kunlun fault was exactly the boundary between Eurasia and Gondwana land.

Abstract:Abstract： Geomorphic indices are useful tools for studying relative active tectonics. This paper presents a new method for evaluating relative active tectonics based on DEM data, using several tectonic geomorphic indexes which include hypsometric integral, drainage basin asymmetry, stream-gradient index, mountain-front sinuosity, valley floor width–valley height ratio, drainage basin shape etc. Iat is an index of relative active tectonics, which is obtained by the average of the different classes of geomorphic indices. The authors divide them into four classes： low, moderate, high, and very high from relatively low to the highest tectonic activity. Exemplified by the upstream region of the Weihe River, the authors consider the drainage is relatively higher tectonic activity (Iat=1.50), and that the method has ideal effects and significance for exploring diversities of relative tectonic activities on an areal basis.

Abstract:Abstract：Zhenwu fault zone is the main oil-bearing structural?belt in Gaoyou sag, where the trap defining is the key factor for oil exploration. The research on fault activity and evolution is the premise for the building of the interpretation model and the improvement of the interpretation accuracy. Based on researches on the regional?tectonic?background, structural style, activity velocities and cross-section balance, the authors ascertained the tectonic characteristics, fault activity and evolution of Zhenwu fault zone, which yielded good application effects, thus providing the geological?basis for accurate structure interpretation and fault?combination.

Abstract:Abstract：There are many important oil-gas resources in Feixianguan Formation of northeast Sichuan. The south sector of Liangping-Kaijiang ocean trough is very extensive and has many important potential oil-gas resources. Based on an analysis of rock core, field cross section, logging, well logging and thin-section observation data, the authors studied the sequence-lithofacies paleogeographic characteristics of Feixianguan Formation in south sector of Liangping-Kaijiang ocean trough. The result indicates that the sedimentary model of the study area belongs to the attached land platform which includes the platform, sloping ground, and residual ocean trough facies. Based on the sequence interface identification, the authors divided the Feixianguan Formation into three third-level sequences, namely SQ1, SQ2, and SQ3. Each of the sequence is divided into three system tracts, i.e., TST, EHST, and LHST. With the system tract as the unit of the sequence-lithofacies paleogeographic map, this paper discusses in detail the lithofacies paleogeographic characteristics and evolution of various sequence system tracts. With the reduction of the ocean trough, the attached land platform expanded gradually, the platform edge beach and intra-platform beach gradually advanced to the ocean trough, which controlled the reservoir distribution.

Abstract:Abstract：The Majiagou Formation in Ordos Basin can be divided into 6 third-order sequences and 12 system tracts on the basis of field profile, core and well log. In this paper, characteristics of sequence stratigraphy of Majiagou Formation were analyzed, sequence-based lithofacies and paleogeography were also compiled by means of condensation of mapping units of sedimentary system tracts. It is indicated that the basin sedimentary evolution was controlled by the North China Sea and the Qilian Sea, with the former being an epeiric sea and the latter being an epicontinental sea. OSQ1, OSQ2, OSQ3 and OSQ5 are mainly restricted platforms in TST，and some areas are anointed lakes in HST; open platform is the main facies of OSQ4 and OSQ6 whether in TST or HST; reef and shoal are formed in HST of southwest margin. Dolomites of HST in OSQ1, OSQ3, OSQ5 and southwest reef and shoal might be important oil-gas reservoirs, and gypsum of HST in OSQ3 and OSQ5 forms 2 major regional caps of Ordos Basin.

Abstract:Abstract：Located in Sichuan basin, Shunan area has an exploration area of 5.03×104 km2. The Maokou Formation in this area is composed of carbonate rock with low porosity and low permeability. Based on a summary and analysis of the geological, drilling and production data, this paper deals with the complexity of gas-water distribution. There is no uniform gas-water interface in the same anticlinal structure, and many gas-water interfaces may exist in one fracture-cave system; the exploitation of some fracture-cave systems are characterized by the process from producing pure gas through producing gas and water to producing pure gas again. Based on an analysis of the reservoir characteristics, the exploitation dynamic state and the evolution of the formation water, the authors formulated three gas-water distribution models, i.e., self-contained gas reservoir of structural-trap style in Songjiachang, anticline-fracture-cave composite trap pattern in Linantong and fracture-cave trap pattern in Hebaochang. In combination with geological background, it is thought that the hydrodynamic condition of different karst areas is the decisive factor of gas-water distribution, that the tectonic movement controls the regularity of the gas-water distribution, and that fluid potential indicates the activity of the water body.

Abstract:Abstract：It was previously thought that the Huanglianguan Formation was formed in the late period of late Pleistocene and was composed of alluvial deposits. Seven samples from Huanglianguan Formation were dated using the OSL dating method. One of the results was abandoned because of its poor reliability. The OSL ages of the samples are from (143.3±21.4)ka to (87.4±8.7)ka. The results obtained indicate that the Huanglianguan Formation was formed at least in the early Late Pleistocene period in a warm and wet climate environment of the last interglacial period.

Abstract:Abstract：The Nanhao Formation is a rock-stratigraphic unit at the bottom of Neopaleozoic transgressive sequence. The rock association characteristics of the lectostratotype section is alternating beds of quartz fine sandstone, sandstone, sericite slate and silty slate with different thicknesses， whose bottom is pebbled inequigranular sandstone with Brachiopoda, Gastropod and crinoidal fossils. The Nanhao Formation is in angular unconformity contact with the underlying Lower Silurian Zusailing Formation, with the thickness over 156 m, and the top is unobserved. The top of the second bed of the lectostratotype section is silty slate, having Fusella sp.，Leptagonia sp. and Chonetipustula sp. of Brachiopoda （Ⅲ31）, and the section also contains Eochiristites sp. of Brachiopoda in Lower Carboniferous Yanguan stage. As for the bottom of the second bed, there are siltstones with Tenticospirifer cf. supervilis, Ptychomaletoechia sp., Fusella sp. of Brachiopoda （Ⅲ17） and crinoidal caudex. The first two, belonging to Upper Devonian Xikuangshan stage, are associated with the last two which are of Lower Carboniferous period. Since there is no Devonian fossil in either the Xinshan section or the east adjacent Fenggaoling section in Nanhao area, the Nanhao Formation is classified as Carboniferous period. Recently, some researchers collected Silurian fossils in the second bed of the lectostratotype section, and they thus hold that the lectostratotype section belongs to Silurian instead of Carboniferous, that the Nanhao Formation is not in angular unconformity contact with the underlying Strata, and that the Nanhao Formation should be abandoned. The authors here point out that the Silurian fossils in the second bed of the lectostratotype section are actually collected from the Silurian Strata that underlie the Nanhao Formation, and hence the Nanhao Formation should not be abandoned.

Abstract:Abstract：Bauxite has been discovered since 1940's in Guizhou, and the emphasis of the study have been placed on the generation age of bauxite-bearing rock series. In this paper, a lithographic description of central Guizhou-northern Guizhou-southern Chongqing area was given on the basis of nine standard sections of bauxite-bearing rock series, and a detailed statistic analysis was made for sporo-pollen genera and species widely distributed in Carboniferous Jiujialu Formation and Dazhuyuan Formation and middle Permian Liangshan Formation. Based on data available and related geological characteristics, the authors hold that the age of Jiujialu Formation in Qingzhen and Xiuwen of central Guizhou to Zunyi area and their vicinities belongs to early-middle Datang period of early Carboniferous, and Dazhuyuan Formation in northern Guizhou-southern Chongqing area should be early Maping period of late Carboniferous.

Abstract:Abstract：The field geological features, petrology, lithogeochemistry and high degree of accuracy isotope chronology of volcanic rocks in eastern Maotoushan of Beishan area, Xinjiang, are discussed in this paper. The rock association of this area is composed of basalt, basaltic andesite, andesite and tuff with the same components. U-Pb isotope SHRIMP dating shows that the eruption time of volcanic rocks should be Lower Permian. The volcanic rocks are of the calc-alkaline series. No obvious REE fractionation and clear negative Eu anomalies are observed, and there exist enrichment of Rb, Th and U, slightly fluctuation of Ba, Sr, and loss of Nb, Ta. An integrated analysis led the authors to believe that the early Permian volcanic rocks were formed in a fully shrunk residual sea basin environment, and the structural attributes at that time were similar to features of the epicontinental volcanic basin of the residual sea basin instead of having the characteristics of the rift.

Abstract:Abstract：The metallogenic ages of porphyry-epithermal deposits in northern Xinjiang are systemically summarized in this paper. Based on tectonic setting, the ore deposits can be classified into three types, i.e., ocean-continent subduction, collision orogen composed of collision sub-type and post-collision sub-type, and intra-continent. The main differences of the four type/sub-type deposits lie in metal element assemblages of the ore deposits and the associated deposit types in the same period. Ocean-continent subduction type porphyry deposits are mainly characterized by Cu-Au association, accompanied by VMS deposits as well as iron deposits related to submarine volcanism; collision type deposits and post-collision type deposits are characterized by Cu-Mo-Au association, accompanied by orogenic gold deposits; intra-continent type deposits are characterized by single metal element Mo (or Mo-Re association). Porphyry deposits and epithermal deposits belong to the same metallogenic system, but they do not coexist, and metallogenic age of the latter is later than the former by about 10Ma to 20Ma. The host rocks and metallogenic characteristics of different types of porphyry-epithermal deposits don’t show symbolic difference. Porphyry deposits in different metallogenic epochs show genetic and regional “isospatial metallogenesis” characteristics and zoned distribution; from early to late the deposits expanded gradually from the position close to the suture belt outwards, and from linear distribution to planar distribution.

Abstract:Abstract：The Sankuanggou skarn-type Cu-Fe-Mo deposit occurs in the Sankuanggou- Duobaoshan tectonic-metallogenic belt of the Da Hinggan Mountains, and there exists close relationship between the formation of ore bodies and the intrusion of Sankuanggou multiple tonalite. Based on an analysis of the ore-forming geological conditions, the authors studied sulfur and lead isotopic compositions and zircon U-Pb dating data of ores from this ore deposit and, on such a basis, discussed the sources of ore-forming materials and the rock-forming and ore-forming epochs. Studies have shown that the composition of sulfur isotope varies greatly and has a distributional effect of tower type, the δ34S∑S of the ore-forming hydrothermal system is about -1.5‰, suggesting that sulfur was mainly derived from deep magmatic source, with a very small amount probably derived from the strata. The lead isotopic composition of ore sulfides indicates the derivation of lead from the mixed crust-mantle materials, suggesting that the ore-forming materials came mainly from crust-mantle mixing sources and were closely related to magmatism. The 206Pb/238U weighted mean ages of zircons range from (200±1)Ma to (168.18±0.96)Ma, which represent the intrusive time of tonalite and suggest that the rock-forming and ore-forming epoch of the Sankuanggou Skarn-type Cu-Fe-Mo polymetallic deposit is Early Jurassic.

Abstract:Abstract：The Yangshan gold deposit in Gansu Province, the largest gold deposit in China, lies in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Sichuan triangle area of the western Qinlin Orogen. The gold deposit was formed in the Lower Jurassic, closely related to the Yanshanian plagioclase granophyre. Based on the field work, the authors carried out systematic microstructural researches on tectonites of Anchanghe-Guanyinba fault zone, in the hope of reflecting the macroscopic structure by means of the microscopic structure. By observing the characteristics of the microscopic structure, the authors have found that brittle and ductile deformation is extensively developed in this area, and the shear orientation is mainly left-lateral, implying that the fault is a sinistral ductile-brittle shear zone. The deformation analysis shows that the metamorphic facies of this fault zone underwent the metamorphism-deformation of high greenschist facies, low greenschist facies and facies lower than the greenschist facies. The observation of the microscopic structure reveals that the structural deformation can be divided into 3 or 4 stages at least, thus providing evidence of multistage structural deformation in the fault zone. Stress analysis and isodensity diagram of stratigraphic attitudes indicate that the regional principal stress is in NNW-NNE direction in this area, synthetically reflecting the principal stress orientations since the Indo-Chinese epoch. Calculated by subgrain method and dynamic recrystallization method, the premineral differential stress was 128.6-95.8 MPa, the differential stress during the mineralization stage was 74.9-69.3 MPa, and the postmineral differential stress was 65.8 MPa. According to the research results, the authors hold that the transition of metamorphic facies in the fault zone was high greenschist facies→low greenschist facies→facies lower than greenschist facies from Middle-Late Triassic, whereas the deformation sequence being in order of ductile→ductile-brittle→brittle. The values of regional principal stress were changed from high to low and the regional principal stress orientation was SN compressional→NE compressional→NW and SN compressional. All these evolutionary characteristics imply that the fault zone was gradually uplifted from the depth to the shallow part.

Abstract:Abstract：No research results of RRE geochemistry have so far been reported since the discovery of the Mengya’a Pb-Zn deposit. In this paper, the REE compositions of metallic sulfides and hydrothermal quartz from this ore deposit were determined by ICP-MS. Studies show that pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite and galena are somewhat different in REE amount, but they all have the distribution patterns of rightly-oblique LREE enrichment type. According to the Eu anomaly, these metallic sulfides can be divided into 3 groups, and the Eu anomalies are mainly caused by the transformation of physical and chemical environment in the ore-forming process and the mass crystallization of calcite. There also are differences of REE amount in 4 quartz samples due to their difference in crystallization time and temperature, and their distribution patterns are also of the rightly-oblique LREE enrichment type. Meanwhile, the quartzes formed at different stages have their strong positive or negative Eu anomalies separately, which is attributed to the addition of later meteoric water and the formation of lots of calcites.

Abstract:Abstract：The Chagele Pb-Zn deposit is located in western Gandise-Nyainqentanglha metallogenic belt. Ore bodies are produced in the contact zone and rock fracture zones and controlled by the shape of granite porphyry and NE-NW trending faults, suggesting a typical skarn deposit. Zircon ICP-MS U-Pb weighted average age of granite porphyry is 63.18Ma ± 0.77Ma, and the geochemical characteristics of the rocks indicate melting-type granite formed in the collision environment. Preliminary studies show that the Chagele Pb-Zn deposit was genetically related to the collision of India–Asia continent and was formed at the main collision stage of steep subduction of Indian continent.

Abstract:Abstract：The Jiamante gold deposit in Nilka County of Xinjiang is hosted in a suite of intermediate-acidic lavas and pyroclastic rocks of the Lower Carboniferous Dahalajunshan Formation, and is controlled by a volcanic edifice, with ore bodies being in vein-like and lenticular forms. The ore minerals include chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, pyrite, limonite, stibnite, covellite, native gold and native silver, whereas the gangue minerals consist mainly of quartz, calcite, sericite and kaolinite. Ores assume euhedral and subhedral granular, emulsive, metasomatic and cataclastic textures. Colloidal, crustiform, comb, brecciated, banded and massive structures are commonly observed. Petrographic observation, microthermometric measurement and Laser Raman Spectrometry reveal that fluid inclusions in sphalerite and quartz are mainly two-phase and pure liquid phase aqueous ones, belonging to the NaCl-H2O system, and the homogeneous temperatures range from 180 to 260 °C, with the salinities being 0.2-12.5 wt% NaCl.eqv, and the densities from 0.49 g/cm3 to 0.97 g/cm3. All these data show that ore-forming fluids are characterized by low temperature, low salinity and low density. Thus, the characteristics of ore-forming fluid system and ore geology of the Jiamante gold deposit suggest that the ore deposit is of the mesothermal to epithermal lode type, representing a transition from porphyry to epithermal mineralization.

Abstract:Abstract：Based on the metallogenic regularity of the Ashele copper ore deposit in combination with drilling, geochemical and geological data, the authors found that the northern part of No. I ore body (the major ore body) is in the concealment state and tends to extend northward accompanied by increasing depth. This discovery has provided a favorable test place for deep and edge prospecting work. This paper deals with the advantages of the IP and CSAMT methods in the exploration of deep sulfide polymetallic ore bodies and the practical working procedures. The combinational exploration composed of IP central gradient array amd CSAMT was carried out in the test area, and the result has fully verified the northward extension tendency of No. I ore body. The two-dimensional inversion profile can fairly well reflect U-shaped spatial distribution of No. I ore body.

Abstract:Abstract：There are abundant low and middle temperature geothermal resources in northern Jinan. According to geothermal gradients, geological-tectonic conditions and geothermal reservoir types, the geothermal resources can be divided into preferred exploitation area, relatively preferred exploitation area, somewhat preferred exploitation area, and common exploitation area. Considered from economically recoverable geothermals, the target beds for preferred development are Guantao Formation and Paleozoic Cambrian-Ordovician carbonite. Taking Qi-Guang fault as the boundary and following the principle of giving priority to the easy task and combining the shallow one with the deep one, the authors have reached the conclusion that, to the north of Qi-Guang fault, the main task should be the exploration and exploitation of Neogene Guantao Formation and, to the south of Qi-Guang fault, attention can be paid to the exploration and exploitation of Cambrian-Ordovician limestone thermal reservoirs.

Abstract:Abstract：The Abag Pb-Zn ore concentration area near the Sino-Mongolian border belongs to the Erenhot- Dong Ujimqin Banner copper-polymetallic ore belt. A series of Pb-Zn mesothermal deposits, such as Hadatetaolegai, Moruogeqing, Gaoerqi, Ganzhuershande and Azhahada, were recently found in this area by synthetic prospecting methods. The achievements acquired have established the Abag Pb-Zn ore concentration area as an important Pb-Zn resource district. This paper sums up features of geology, physical geography and geochemistry in the study area and describes characteristics of this kind of ore deposits with two typical Pb-Zn deposits of Gaoerqi and Hadatetaolegai as examples. Some conclusions have been reached from the angle of the spatial occurrence of the Pb-Zn ore body that this type of Pb-Zn deposits resulted from the joint action of the strata (Niqiuhe Formation) and structure location (faulted structure). In the end, this paper provides the line of thinking in search for this kind of Pb-Zn deposits according to their discovery processes and features.

Abstract:Abstract：The central and southern plain of Hebei Province is a district with a high incidence of fluorine poisoning. This paper analyzed the natural and anthropogenic factors influencing F content of soil. The natural factors, such as Taihang Mountains bedrock, Quaternary volcanic activities, Yellow River flooding and Quaternary transgression were taken into consideration, and anthropogenic factors, such as rainfall, fertilizers and irrigation water, were also discussed. The results show that the overall change of fluorine in soil based on geological setting. Quaternary volcanic activities, Yellow River flooding and Quaternary transgression may exert strong influence on some areas. By analyzing the samples collected from fluorine soil anomalies and areas with a high incidence of endemic diseases, the authors conclude that soil texture is the main controlling factor, and the superposition extent of human influence is very weak. This means that fluorine in soil mainly comes from natural sources. The conclusions provide an important data for preventing and controlling of endemic fluorine poisoning.

Abstract:Abstract：Based on sample collection and laboratory analysis, this paper studied the distribution features and genesis of Cd in soil of high content areas in Chengdu plain lying in the alluvium of Mianyuan River and Shiting River basin. The high content areas of Cd are distributed in alluvium of Terrace 1 and 2, and gradually decrease from Terrace 3 to Terrace 5. The content of Cd in alluvium along the two rivers developed in the Longmeng Mountain is remarkably higher than that of other water systems. The feature that the high content areas of Cd are consistent with different terraces indicate evidently that the evolution of geological processes served as a controlling factor. This conclusion is radically different from the opinion of most investigators that it resulted from human factors.

Abstract:Abstract：Research on the relationship between vegetation and groundwater resources in arid and semi-arid regions is the foundation of groundwater evaluation, exploitation and management. With increasing emphasis placed on coordinative development of society, economy and eco-environment today, the relationship mentioned above has gradually become a hot research topic both in China and abroad. Based on the data concerning the spatial distribution of vegetation and the groundwater depth, the authors proposed a new semi-quantitative analytical method for large-scale ecological relationship between vegetation and groundwater, i.e., vegetation structure chart method, and carried out extensive applied research with the Ordos energy base as an example. By using vegetation structure chart method, not only the relationship between vegetation and groundwater but also the warning water level of vegetation succession caused by groundwater exploitation could be obtained. Besides, The developing trend of the vegetation succession can also be predicted. The vegetation structure chart method can be used to make a patterning analysis and research on the relationship between vegetation and groundwater on the regional scale in arid and semi-arid regions. The method is easy to operate, convenient to practice, and simple to implement in production and scientific research.

Abstract:Abstract：The contamination characteristics of heavy metals in urban and rural soil of Jinan City were investigated in this paper, and the results show that heavy metal contamination not only causes deterioration of ecological environment but also reduces soil biodiversity and activity. Meanwhile, the correlation between the number of animal population and the heavy metal content was analyzed statistically, and the results indicate that there is significantly negative correlation either between the number of soil protozoa and the concentration of Co and Ni or between soil nematode amount and Cu and Mo content. So does the correlation between drought–tolerant animal amount and Cu content. On the one hand, these data imply that heavy metals can cause damage to soil biodiversity; on the other hand, the conclusion can be reached that soil nematodes are of pollution-tolerant species while drought–tolerant animals are not. It is thus believed that the density ratio between them can indicate the contamination degree of soil heavy metals. Moreover, sensitive biological indicators of heavy metals were detected by analyzing the correlation between geological element concentrations and biological parameters of soil. For example, soil nematode is a biological indicator of Pb contamination, and PLFA (epiphyte) can indicate As pollution. The authors hold that using soil organisms as indicators of heavy metal contamination has wide application prospect.

Abstract:Abstract：This paper deals with the sedimentation records of POPs such as OCPs and PCBs in sediments along the cross section of flood plain of Gangjiang River so as to determine the history of organic pollution. Classification of molecular stratigraphy was carried out on the basis of the evolution of the concentration of organic compounds, which indicates that there exist high concentrations of residual HCHs, DDTs and PCBs at the depth from 26 to 46 cm, with high level of residual DDTs being found even in deeper areas. Although the concentrations of residual OCPs and PCBs do not exceed the contamination standard, special attention should be paid to the potential release of such pollutants to the surrounding environment. The sedimentation records of POPs are consistent with the development history of Ganjiang River and hence such studies contribute to the study of the age of contemporary sediments.

Abstract:Abstract：A method for determining the bearing capacity of bored piles in soft rock areas has been a complex problem that should be solved urgently. Taking the bored piles in soft rock of the third bridge over the Yangtze River in Nanjing as an example and using the numerical simulation method (FLAC3D simulation analysis), this paper simulated the force behavior of the bored piles in soft rock of the third bridge over the Yangtze River in Nanjing in the case of step stress test. Based on stress field, displacement field and the distribution and expansion of the failure zone obtained in the soil and rock around the pile, the authors determined the ultimate bearing capacity of the bored pile in soft rock. A comparison with the numerical simulation results and the self-balanced load test results shows that the numerical simulation result agrees well with the self-balanced load test result.