Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
[Objective]Jiaodong Peninsula is the first region to carry out deep-seated prospecting and made significant prospecting achievements in China. Stepwise prospecting method has played an important role in the deep-seated exploration. The study of deep-seated prospecting methods will be conducive to promoting the implementation of the prospecting strategy of "prospecting deep-seated deposits" in East China. [Methods]In this paper, based on the deep-seated gold deposits prospecting in Jiaodong, we studied the metallogenic model of deep gold deposits, and analyzed the role and effect of controlled source audio frequency magnetotelluric sounding (CSAMT), spectral excited electric sounding (SIP), magnetotelluric sounding (MT) and reflection seismic methods in deep gold deposits prospecting. [Results]Deep orebodies generally occur in the gently dipping parts of alternate change of steep-dipping to gentle-dipping of the ore-controlling fault, forming a step metallogenetic model. This metallogenetic model is a comprehensive reflection of tectonic activities and physicochemical conditions of mineralization. The technical process of the stepwise prospecting method is outlined below. First, through high precision geophysical detection in land surface, deep characteristics of ore-controlling fault are found out. Then, according to the step metallogenic model, the location and scale of the deep-seated gold orebodies are predicted. [Conclusions]The step metallogenic model provides a technical premise and key exploration target for the deep-seated gold deposits prospecting. CSAMT, SIP, MT and reflection seismic methods can detect the deep characteristics of ore-controlling faults. The combination of multiple geophysical methods is an effective technical means of the stepwise prospecting method.
Highlights: The deep structure and variety of ore- controlling fault dipping angle are detected by high precision geophysical method, and the location and scale of deep-seated orebodies are predicted according to the step metallogenic model.

Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
[Objective]To determine the occurrence of Au and elements feature of the sulfide. [Methods]The Sawayaerdun orogenic gold deposit (explored Au:127 t, prospective Au:350 t) in the western Tianshan is chosen and the microscopic petrography study, EMPA, LA-ICP-MS and FESEM analysis have been applied. [Results]Except for "visible gold", the result indicate that "invisible gold" is likely present as solid soluation (Au+) in the pyrite and arsenopyrite in the Sawayaerdun deposit. Three generations of auriferous pyrite have been recognized. The pyrite with framboidal texture (Py0) are disseminated in the host rock, and are locally enriched in gold. They have relatively high values of Ag、As、Bi、Ni、Cu、Pb、Sb. The anhedral pyrite (Py1), associated with silicified rocks and quartz veins that experienced strong deformation, have an average Au content of 0.050%. They have high contents of Co、Mn、Zn. The euhedral-subhedral pyrite (Py2) are best developed in the main orebodies, and have an average Au content of 0.052%. Comparing to Py1, Py2, they have lower contents of trace elements. [Conclusions]The Py0 are interpreted to have formed contemporaneously with the ore-bearing rocks. Py1 are interpreted to have formed in the syn-tectonic stage, during the collision between the Tarim craton and the Central Tianshan terrane in the Late Carboniferous, whereas Py2 were formed in a later mineralization event, during the late- to post-tectonic stage in the Early Permian. Ore-bearing strata could be the initial source bed of gold, meantime provides the trace elements when forming gold-bearing sulfides. The ore-forming fluids were probably metamorphic fluids deriving from dehydration of the sedimentary strata. The study results suggest that multi-stage of gold mineralization have developed in the Sawayaerdun deposit, similar metallogenic process may exist in other homogeneous deposits in the Western Tianshan Orogen.
Highlights: Three generations of auriferous pyrite (Py0, Py1 and Py2) have been recognized. The occurrence of Au and elementsfeature of the sulfide has been determined. The relationship of sulfide and tectonic setting has been discussed.

Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
[Objective]Framboidal pyrite are widespread in modern sediments and sedimentary rocks, widely considered organic or inorganic genesis. Although both formation mechanisms have theoretical and experimental support, a formation mechanism with general significance has not yet been established well. [Methods]This paper systematically and comprehensively studies the formation mechanism of framboidal pyrite, the application of redox conditions, and the influence of later environmental changes. [Results] The size and texture of pyrite framboids and the sulfur isotopes between framboids have fluctuated with the oxygen level. Therefore, framboidal pyrite is used as a reconstruct paleoenvironment proxy commonly. Although the microcrystallines of framboidal pyrite are correlated to the particle size positively, their (Morphological evolution sequence), growth patterns, (aggregation factors), as well as the relationship with paleo-redox are still poorly understood. The redox condition inverse from particle sizes of pyrite framboids and chromium reduction-determined sulfur isotope has certain limitations. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis of redox indicators is expected, which requiring further studies on links between in-situ sulfur isotope and particle sizes of framboidal pyrite. Although the framboidal surface chemistry can be modified as changes in late oxidation conditions, the size distribution of framboidal pyrite is still meaningful as a redox indicator. [Conclusions]In brief, experimental simulations, theoretical systems, and interdisciplinary studies on framboidal pyrite are still challenging and require further research.
Highlights: There is no significant correlation between the particle sizes of framboidal pyrite and total sulfur isotope in rocks; the relationship between in-situ sulfur isotope and particle sizes of framboidal pyrite needs further study.

Abstract:This paper is the result of oil and gas exploration engineering.
[Objective]In order to confirm that the Da'anzhai member in the central part of Sichuan Basin has great shale oil and gas exploration potential. [Methods]This paper analyzes the formation conditions and enrichment factors of the shale oil and gas of Da 1,3 sub-member by cores, thin section, scanning electron microscope, whole rock X-ray diffraction, organic geochemistry, triaxial stress test, nuclear magnetic resonance test and other methods. [Results]The results show that the shale in Da 1,3 sub-member has the characteristics of mixed lacustrine system, wide distribution, large thickness, multiple types of reservoir space, better physical conditions, high hydrocarbon generation potential, high higher Youngs modulus, low Poissons ratio and high content of brittle minerals, which is conducive to the enrichment and fracturing transformation of shale oil and gas. On this basis, comprehensive analysis shows that the superposition of high TOC and type II organic matter is the basis of shale oil and gas enrichment; favorable mixed sedimentary system is the key to shale oil and gas enrichment; (micro) fractures control shale oil and gas high-production. [Conclusions]Combine the above understanding, Longgang block and the Xichong-Lianchi block are selected as one of the favorable exploration areas for Lake shale oil and gas in Da'anzhai section of Sichuan Basin, which will provide guidance for the further exploration and development of shale oil and gas in the central Sichuan area.
Highlights: It is put forward that the mixed layer system of shale with thin shell limestone has the best exploration and development value;The evaluation standard of shale oil and gas in Sichuan Basin is established.

Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
[Objective]In order to more intuitively and accurately reveal the three-dimensional spatial distribution of the Jurassic uranium-bearing rock series (the Zhiluo Formation) in the northeastern margin of the Ordos Basin, the research on the uranium metallogenic characteristics and the prospecting and prediction work were carried out. [Methods]In this paper, we used the first established comprehensive database consists of drills, logging to construct the three-dimensional geological models with different scales and types and realized its visualization function in the Dongsheng uranium area.[Results and Conclusions]Comprehensive geological modeling shows that uranium mineralization in this area has the following characteristics:(1) Under the influence of the paleogeomorphic pattern of "high in the north and low in the south, high in the east and low in the west" during the depositional period of the Zhiluo Formation, there was a regional sedimentary facies transition in the lower section of the Zhiluo Formation in the Nalinggou-Daying area. From the northern Husliang-Tanggongliang paleo-uplift area to the west and south, the sedimentary system gradually changed from alluvial fan-gravel braided river to sandy braided river and braided river delta deposition. Uranium mineralization in Daying area is concentrated in the distributary channel of braided river to braided river delta, while uranium mineralization in Nalinggou is mainly in the sandy braided river which was above the gravel braided river; (2) The heterogeneity of uranium reservoir in the lower member of Zhiluo Formation increased from Husiliang in the east to Daying area in the west, which is manifested as a significant reduction in the thickness of the sand body, a decrease in the sand content ratio, a significant increase in the number and thickness of mudstone layers, and the inner coal-line began to develop. The occurrence of above combination formed a large-scale lateral argillaceous barrier layer and vertical reduction layer on the west side of Daying, which greatly inhibited the westward propulsion rate and distance of the interlayer oxidation zone. Therefore, a stable front line of interlayer oxidation zone and continuous uranium mineralization are formed in the Daying area; (3) By the three-dimensional geological modeling of ore deposits, it can be found that the arc-shaped uranium mineralization body in Daying area is almost connected with the uranium mineralization in Nalinggou- Tanggongliang. Meanwhile, the three-dimensional γ property model between the two deposits also shows strong radioactive, which indicate that the Tarangaole- Wudingbulage area between Daying and Nalingou diposits has a good prospecting potential.
Highlights: Using the advantage of "big data" of coal-uranium drill database, multi-scale and multi-type 3D geological modeling was carried out, which revealed the spatial distribution regularities of the uranium bearing rock series in the northern margin of Ordos Basin more intuitively and accurately. Based on the information mining of the 3D geological model, the research of uranium metallogenic regularity and prospecting prediction were carried out.

Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
[Objective]Manganese ore resources abundant in Africa, where the 310 Mt reserves and 660 Mt resources rank first in the world.Enhance research and awareness of manganese deposits in Africa,It has important guiding significance for promoting the prospecting of manganese ore in my country. [Methods]Through the dissection of typical deposits in important metallogenic belts, the genetic types and geological characteristics of manganese deposits in Africa are summarized. [Results]Manganese ore types in Africa are diverse, such precambrian banded iron formation (BIF) type, marine sedimentary type, continental (delta-lacustrine) sedimentary type, magmatic hydrothermal type etc., Among them, the precambrian banded iron formation (BIF) type and marine sedimentary type are the most important. [Conclusions]Manganese deposits are characterized by large deposits (mainly large and super large), high grade (30%-50%), and relatively concentrated distribution. The manganese-forming age of manganese deposits is earlier, mainly in the Precambrian;Most manganese deposits suffer eluviation weathering supergene processes from 2.0 Ga unconformity erosionand Cenozoic.
Highlights: The precambrian banded iron formation (BIF) type and marine sedimentary type are the most importantin Africa; Largescale, high- grade manganese deposits suffer eluviation weathering supergene processes from 2.0 Ga unconformity erosionandCenozoic.

Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
[Objective]The Central African copper-cobalt metallogenic belt which straddles the border area between the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Zambia, is the world's most famous sediment-hosted stratabound copper-cobalt metallogenic belt. It is the world's third-largest copper and first-largest cobalt producer, but its mineralization pattern and potential are still unclear. [Methods]In this paper, the geological setting, tectonic evolution and mineralization, temporal-spatial distribution rules of deposits, deposit models of the Central African copper-cobalt metallogenic belt were studied. 32 copper (cobalt) prospective areas were delineated by applying the fuzzy weight of evidence method with stratigraphic, tectonic, geochemical, remote sensing alteration and other geological elements that are closely related to mineralization. The number of undiscovered deposits in each prospective area was calculated based on the posterior probability of mineralization at different probabilities. [Results]Monte Carlo simulation combined with the tonnage-grade model indicate that the average undiscovered copper resource in this area is estimated to be 288 million tons and the average cobalt resource is estimated to be 19.92 million tons, respectively. [Conclusions]The complex evolutionary history of the Central African copper and cobalt metallogenic belt has resulted in the superposition of multiple metallogenic interactions such as sedimentary mineralization, hydrothermal mineralization and epigenetic enrichment in this region, with copper (cobalt) mineralization running through the evolution of the belt and mineralization closely related to stratigraphy and tectonics. In particular, the Likasi-Kolwezi area of the Democratic Republic of the Congo may have good prospects for mineralization.
Highlights: copper-cobalt mineralization in the Central African copper-cobalt metallogenic belt is closely related to stratigraphy and tectonics; the copper- cobalt resource potential is quantified using the fuzzy weight of evidence method and Monte Carlo simulation.

Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
[Objective]This paper mainly carries out quantitative evaluation of the resource potential of Kaolin deposits in China to guide the future mineral exploration. [Methods]Firstly, the metallogenic regularity of kaolin deposits in China are studied. According to the geological origin, kaolin deposits in China can be divided into three types:weathering type, hydrothermal alteration type and sedimentary type. Then, based on the classification of kaolin ore prediction types in China, the metallogenic model and ore-controlling factors are summarized. Finally, the prospective of kaolin areas are divided and the resource potential is estimated. [Results]69 prospective areas of weathering and hydrothermal alteration kaolin deposits were delineated with an estimated resources of 7.222 billion tons, which are mainly distributed in the south Asian tropical monsoon climate zone. 109 prospective areas of sedimentary kaolin deposits were delineated with an estimated resources of 60.8 billion tons, which are mainly distributed in the northeast and northwest coal producing areas of China. [Conclusions]Chinese kaolin resource potential is huge and the coal kaolin is uniqueresources in China, but its utilization rate is very low due to the underdeveloped technology and environmental reasons. It is suggested to carry out research and development of coal kaolin application technology and policy support in the future, which is of great social and economic significance for large-scale processing and utilization of coal kaolin.
Highlights: The potential assessment of Kaolin resources in China was carried out for the first time. The prediction model of Kaolin in China is systematically summarized. Series of kaolin maps were compiled.

Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
[Object]Graphite has become an important raw material for emerging technology industries, and It is also an important key mineral resource for future high-tech development. China is not only a big country of graphite resources, but also a big country of production and consumption. It is of great significance to find out the distribution status of graphite mineral resources and summarize the geological characteristics and metallogenic regularity of different genetic types of graphite deposits to ensure the effective supply of graphite.[Methods]Collect published or published data of graphite minerals, and systematically summarize the geological characteristics, material sources and genesis of graphite deposits. [Results]Graphite mining areas are mainly distributed in East Asia-South Asia, East Africa, Eastern Europe-Central Europe, North America, South America and Oceania, and each mining area has its own characteristics in resource endowment, deposit genesis and metallogenic geological characteristics. China,Madagascar, Mozambique, Tanzania and other countries in East Africa, have achieved remarkable prospecting results in recent years, and many graphite deposits with resources of 100 million tons have been discovered. China, Mozambique and Brazil are the main producers of graphite ore, and the graphite output of these three countries will account for about 80% of the total output in 2020.[Conclusion]There are four types of graphite deposits:regional metamorphic type, hydrothermal type, magmatic type and contact metamorphic type. Among them, the carbon source of regional metamorphic type, contact metamorphic type, magmatic hydrothermal type and plutonic type graphite deposits is mainly organic matter, while that of metamorphic hydrothermal type and igneous carbonate type graphite deposits is mainly mantle magma carbon.
Hightlights: Basically find out the distribution of graphite resources, metallogenic potential and prospecting status in major graphite ore concentration areas; Re- classify the genetic types of graphite deposits, and summarize the carbonaceous sources and metallogenic regularity of graphite deposits of various genetic types.

Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
[Objective]Hunan Province is rich in mineral resources with various types of minerals and genetic types of deposits, but there is still a lack of systematic introduction and summary of the ages and tectonic settings of the various minerals. [Methods]Based on the existing regional mineral data, combined with the achievements on regional tectonic evolution, geochorology of igneous rocks and deposits and metallogenesis in recent years, this paper systematically discusses and summarizes the mineralization events and the tectonic settings, metallogenesis, mineral development and distribution characteristics of the mineralizations. [Results]There have been 22 major mineralization events in Hunan Province, which includes from early to late:Sedimentary manganese ore of Xuefeng period (Banxi period) Madiyi stage; sedimentary iron ore of Early Nanhua Fulu period (superimposed later transformation); sedimentary manganese ore of Middle Nanhua Datangpo period; phosphate ore of Early Sinian Doushantuo period; vanadium polymetallic ore, barite ore and stone coal mine of Early Cambrian Niutitang period; sedimentary manganese ore of Middle-Late Ordovician; non-metallic minerals such as limestone ore, dolomite ore and jade ore of Sinian-Ordovician; endogenetic hydrothermal deposits of Silurian; sedimentary manganese ore of Middle Devonian Qiziqiao period (superimposed later transformation); Ningxiang-type iron ore of Late Devonian; coal mine of Early Carboniferous Ceshui period; gypsum mine of Early Carboniferous Zimenqiao period; coal mine of Middle Permian Liangshan period; sedimentary manganese ore of Middle Permian Gufeng period (late Maokou period); coal mine of Late Permian Longtan period; non-metallic ore such as limestone, dolomite, sandstone and clay of Devonian-Early Triassic; coal mine of Late Triassic-Early Jurassic; endogenetic hydrothermal deposits of Late Triassic; endogenetic hydrothermal deposits and magmatic deposits of Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous, sedimentary reformed copper mine of Late Cretaceous; gypsum mine of Paleogene; clay Ore, rare earth ore, alluvial tin ore, monazite polymetallic ore and diamond ore of Quaternary. [Conclusions]The distributions of deposits of the three major endogenetic events such as Silurian (Caledonian) endogenetic hydrothermal mineralization, Late Triassic (late Indosinian) endogenetic hydrothermal mineralization and Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous (middle and late Yanshanian) endogenetic hydrothermal and magmatic mineralization are obviously controlled by the contemporaneous tectonic frameworks; The distributions of exgogenetic deposits such as sedimentary iron-manganese ore of Nanhua, multiple sedimentary deposits of Sinian-Early Ordovician, multiple sedimentary deposits of Devonian-Early Triassic, coal mine of Late Triassic-Early Jurassic, and sedimentary copper and gypsum mine of Cretaceous-Paleogene are controlled by contemporaneous tectonic paleogeography. Taking metallogenic events as clues, this paper comprehensively elaborated the temporal-spatial distribution characteristics of mineral resources and metallogenic regularities in Hunan Province, which has important reference value for regional prospecting.
Highlights: The 22 main metallogenic geological events in Hunan Province are determined, and the tectonic settings, deposit genesis, mineral development and distribution characteristics of each metallogenic event are analyzed and summarized.

Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
[Objective]The relationship between structure-fluid and mineralization is a frontier problem in modern study of mineral deposit. The orogenic-type gold deposits are hosted in fault zone, and are representative target to study structural deformation and fluid evolution responsible for mineralization process. [Methods]The Sawayardun orogenic-type gold lode system is the largest gold deposit in the Southwestern Tianshan Orogen, northwestern China. Basing on results of structural analysis, fluid inclusions and C-H-O-S isotope, natures of ore-controlling structure and ore-fluid, and metal source were studied. [Results]The structural deformation at the Sawayardun mine can be divided into the early ductile, middle ductile-brittle, and late brittle stages, according to the crosscutting relationships of veins, and macro and micro structures. The three-stage deformation process associated with three kinds of quartz veins (Qz1, Qz2, Qz3) from early to late, with gold mineralization being mainly introduced in middle stage. Quartz formed in the early and middle stages (Qz1 and Qz2) contains three compositional types of fluid inclusions, i.e. pure CO₂, CO₂-H₂O and NaCl-H₂O, but the late-stage minerals only contain the NaCl-H₂O inclusions. The inclusions trapped in the early, middle and late stages yield total homogenization temperatures of 237℃-386℃, 204℃ -310℃, and 125℃-235℃, respectively, with corresponding salinities of 1.4-9.2, 0.5-16.6, and 0.2%-10.6% NaCl equiv., respectively. The minimum trapping pressures estimated from CO₂-H₂O inclusions are 267 MPa and 208-253 MPa in the early and middle stages, corresponding to lithostatic depths of 10 km and 8~9 km, respectively. The isotope systematics shows the nature of metamorphic and meteoric fluids and the hostrocks (Palaeozoic clastic and carbonate sediments) to be a significant source of ore metals. [Conclusions]The structural deformation features at Sawayardun indicate that the mineralization was associated with the tectonic transition from the early NW-SE-trending compression to the late strike-slip extension. The early compression caused the metamorphism and metamorphic dehydration of the Palaeozoic clastic and carbonate sedimentary rocks, resulting in the formation of the low salinity, CO₂-rich fluids and the early-stage barren quartz veins. Coupling with the tectonic transition from compression to strike-slip extension, the crust was rapidly uplifted and eroded, the fluid system depressurized and boiled, and mixed with and input by and mixed with the meteoric water, causing rapid escape of gases such as CO₂ and deposition of ore-metals such as Au.
Highlights: The structural deformation at Sawayardun comprises two stages: pre-ore NW-SE-trending compression and syn-ore strike- slip extension; Combined with the study on the characteristics of ore- forming processes, the structure- fluid and metallogenic model for the Sawayardun deposit is established.

Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
[Objective]The widespread Lincang granite weathering crust has the enormous potential of ion-adsorption type REE resource. Strengthening the research on the phase characteristics and leaching rate of ion-adsorption type REE deposit in Lincang granite weathering crust and other ore deposit geochemical characteristics and metallogenic mechanisms will help to further promote the prospecting of ion-adsorbed rare earth resources in this area. [Methods]Through systematic drilling projects in the middle section of Lincang granite, a detailed understanding of rare earth metallogenic geology and ore deposit geochemical characteristics, and its genesis are discussed. [Results]All-phase and leaching-phase of REE in the full weathering layer of crust are strongly differentiated, their distribution patterns show "W" shapes as smooth and shallow; the ores are the mixed type of LREE-enriched; REE ore bodies lay in the full weathering layer of granite weathering crust, and grade changes from top to bottom show two types as " low- high" and " high- low". [Conclusions]The infiltrating acidic solution carries the REE which dissociate from the sub-minerals of granite migrating down, the REE enrich and mineralize in the full weathering layer of crust, because the clay minerals and acidic solutions declined sharply, the enrichment of half weathered layer and weak weathered layer are greatly reduced.
Highlights: The leaching characteristics of ion- adsorption type REE deposit in Lincang granite weathering crust show that the leaching rate is stable at 55%-75%; Establish the metallogenic mechanism and metallogenic model of ion-adsorption type REE deposit.

Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
[Objective]The Dayingezhuang gold deposit (explored Au 283 t, Ag 397 t) is located in the middle of Zhaoping fault zone which consist of the Zhaoping, Dayingezhuang, Nanzhoujia, and Nangou faults. The NEE-striking (20°) Zhaoping fault controls the location and shape of the orebodies. Determining the movement direction of faults can guide the prospecting prediction of Dayingezhuang gold deposit. [Methods]In this paper, the kinematic characteristics of main faults are studied by structural analysis method.The Dayinggezhuang, Nanzhoujia, and Nangou faults are post-ore faults and crosscut the Zhaoping fault into four segments. These three faults are NWW-striking, NEE-dipping. The Dayinggezhuang fault crosscut the orebody into two segments. No I orebody in the north and No II orebody in the south are separated by the Dayinggezhuang fault. In the plan view, the distance of the two orebodies is 300-500 m. In the profile, the orebody has a gentle dip and the distance of the two orebodies increase which suggest that the Dayinggezhuang fault is a normal fault. [Results]Owing to the up-to-the down movement, the orebody fall into NE-orientation. [Conclusions]In the light of the similar kinematics between the Dayinggezhuang and Nanzhou faults, we infer the northern of the Nanzhou fault is a beneficial prospecting target. With increasing of depth, the secondary faults develop and control the small gold ore shoot. In the plan view, these secondary faults intersect with the main fault at the angle of 10°-20°. In the profile, these secondary faults parallel with the main fault and have a middle steeply-dipping at 45o. These faults also are beneficial prospecting target.
Highlights: Dayingezhuang, Nanzhoujia, and Nangou faults are post-ore faults and normal faults.

Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
[Objective]The Fengtai ore-concentration area in the Western Qinling is an important part of the Qinling lead-zinc-gold polymetallic metallogenic belt. However, there has been a long running controversial debate about the type and ore-controlling factors of the lead-zinc ore-concentration area. [Methods]Based on the detailed field investigation and data combing of the representative Qiandongshan lead-zinc deposit in the Fengtai ore-concentration Area, the ore-controlling characteristics of the silicon-calcium surface of the deposit are discussed. [Results]It is considered that the bottom plate of the c in the Fengtai Basin is the limestone of the Gudaoling Formation, which is analkaline calcareous rock, and the top plate is the phyllite of the Xinghongpu Formation, which is a siliceous rock. They form a perfect Si/Ca interface. The initially enriched ore-forming materials in the stratumwere enriched again under the action of the Triassic magmatic hydrothermal fluid, andmigrates along a series of NWW-strikefold structures and syngeneic faults in the basin, therefore, they concentrate to form deposits at the Si/Ca interfaceof the turning end of large folds, interlayer slip zone, etc. [Conclusions]Based on this, it is considered that the interlayer slip zone near the turning end of the compound anticline and its wings, the saddle portion of the interticle, and the interlayer slip zone in the area are favorable areas for mineralization.At the same time, the metallogenesis of the Indosinian lead-zinc deposit in the Western Qinling was coupled with large-scale tectonic-magmatic activities in space and time. And the types of lead-zinc deposits in the ore-concentrated area are hydrothermal deposits related to magmatic activities.
Highlights: The ore-controlling characteristics of the Fengtai ore-concentration area is controversial over the years. Taking typical deposits as an example, the ore-controlling characteristics of lead-zinc deposits in the area expound in detail by using the theory of silicon-calcium surface mineralization and taking typical deposits as an example.

Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
[Objective]Beiya supergiant deposit (explored Au:151.28 t, Cu:0.2217 Mt)located in the large-scale Jinsha river-Red river tectonic-magma-metallogenic belt, which is the typical porphyry Au polymetallic deposit in the southeastern margin area of Sanjiang -Tethys metallogenic domain. For the past few years, the shallow geological structure and resources of the deposit have been preliminarily revealed. However, its deep geological structure, deep ore-controlling structure and deep ore prospecting potential are still unclear, which restricts the prospecting and discovery of deep orebody. [Methods]In this paper, the shallow spatial geological body at 1000 m of Wandongshan ore block of the Beiya gold polymetallic deposit is taken as the research object. We choosing the "block modeling method" and the "double-sided method" to establish 3 D visualization of Wandongshan ore block and orebody model of Au deposit by using the SKUA-GOCAD platform. Further, Kriging interpolation was employed to acquire grade distribution model of Au based on analytical of spatial variation distribution characteristics and analog variogram. [Results]In the light of grade distribution model and orebody model, 246 t gold resource was assessed. Meanwhile, a dominant Au-enrichment belt was revealed along the 40° direction of Wandongshan ore block. [Conclusions]Compared with the "slice method", the "double-sided method" can quickly and accurately establishes the three-dimensional model of the ore body. It is believed that the NE trending (40°) gold-grade preponderant enrichment zone is manifested in the shallow part of the hidden deep and large fault, which demonstrate Au is not only enrichment in the contact-alteration zone between intrusion and carbonate, but also concentrated in buried fracture at a certain distance from the intrusion, which is a favorable spots for future deep ore prospecting.
Highlights: Au resource was assessed in light of geological model which demonstrates tiny deviation (<10%) from reserve report; We speculate that there is a deep buried fracture in Wandongshan strike parallel to 40°(220°) which promise bright future for deep prospecting; The "double-sided method" is more suitable for complex layered precious metal modeling according to the outcome of orebody modeling in this paper.

Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
[Objective]The West Kunlun region of Xinjiang is an important metallogenic belt in China, with high altitude, bad climate and strong topographic cutting; it is extremely difficult to carry out prospecting. It is urgent to establish an efficient prospecting technology system to achieve a breakthrough in prospecting. [Methods] In this paper, TM, ETM+, OLI, ASTER, Gaofen1 and 2, WorldView-2/3 and other satellite data are used, and the fusion technology of radar image and optical image, improved crosta method (iCrota) and energy spectrum area are adopted (S-A) a series of remote sensing alteration anomaly extraction methods such as fractal filtering method and image filtering are used to extract mineralization alteration information, and the remote sensing information is fused with geological and geochemical data by using evidence weight model and fuzzy evidence weight model, so as to delineate prospecting scenic spots; In the prospecting target areas of key prospective areas, field rapid field analysis (XRF and LIBS) and portable geophysical exploration (AMT, IP, etc.) of ground soil/debris geochemistry are carried out to quickly trace, delineate and evaluate anomalies. [Results] Combined with metallogenic geological background, metallogenic law and prospecting signs, 24 prospecting prospects were delineated. After verification of surface geochemistry, geophysics and shallow engineering, lead-zinc mineralization (mineralization) points such as Heishan and Pingdi were confirmed to realize rapid prospecting. [Conclusions]The mineral resource delineation and evaluation technology, which integrate remote sensing comprehensive information extraction, multiple geoscience information fusion and rapid evaluation method of surface geophysical and geochemical exploration, is very suitable to be carried out in Alpine mountainous areas.
Highlights: The mineralization alteration information is extracted by remote sensing technology, and the remote sensing information is fused with geological and geochemical data by using evidence weight model and fuzzy evidence weight model, so as to quickly delineate the prospecting prospect; Rapid field analysis of soil/rock debris geochemistry and portable geophysical methods are used to quickly trace, delineate and evaluate prospecting targets.

Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
[Objective] The Qianjiadian uranium deposit is located in the southwestern songliao basin and the U -bearing rock series occur in the upper Cretaceous Yaojia Formation. There are a lot of clay minerals in the target strata, so it is very important to reveal the characteristics of clay minerals in sandstone of Yaojia Formation for uranium mineralization. [Methods] In this paper, method of microscopic identification, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to systematically observe and study the microscopic characteristics, composition and content of clay minerals in the Yaojia Formation sandstones of the Qianjiadian area. Then, characteristics of the clay minerals were discussed in detail. [Results] The clay minerals are mainly kaolinites, followed by smectites, chlorites and illites. Clay minerals are important adsorbents for uranium enrichment in sedimentary rocks, and the adsorption capacity of different clay minerals to uranium is different. [Conclusions] The Yaojia ore-forming environment experienced the acidic environment in the early ore-forming stage and the weakly alkaline environment in the late ore-forming stage. And there are a series of mutual transformation relations between different clay minerals in this process. The change of clay mineral content not only affects the physical properties of uranium reservoir but also influences the enrichment of uranium. Under the action of clay mineral adsorption, a large amount of uranium was pre-enriched in the process of sandstone diagenesis of Yaojia formation, which laid a solid material foundation for the formation of extra-large uranium deposits in Qianjiadian area.
Highlights: The clay minerals are mainly kaolinites, followed by smectites, chlorites and illites of the Qianjiadian area. Under the joint action of different kinds of clay minerals, a large amount of uranium is preenriched in Yaojia Formation.

Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
[Objective]Graphite, characterized by high electronic conductivity, with low resistivity (<10-5Ω.m) and high polarization (>40%). Due to the ultra-low resistance of graphite, "low resistance shielding" is often encountered in the geophysical exploration. Therefore, it is very important to optimize the effective geophysics methods in graphite exploration. [Methods]In this paper, the Zhongba crystalline graphite deposit in Panzhihua, Sichuan Province is selected for forward simulation, and the effectiveness and applicability of spontaneous potential method and broadband electromagnetic method are analyzed for typical deposits. [Results]Following the principle of "from known to unknown", this method has been successfully applied in the Tangjiaping Graphite exploration, which identified in the periphery of Zhongba deposit. It provides an important support for the mineral evaluation in this area. [Conclusions]we proposed a geophysical methods which synthesized the spontaneous potential method and the broadband magnetotelluric sounding method, which can effectively delineate the graphite orebody extension at surface and underground.At the same time,it provides an application demonstration for graphite exploration under similar geological conditions.
Highlights: The forward simulation and test results of known graphite deposits show that the combined geophysical method of spontaneous potential method and broadband magnetotelluric sounding method can effectively delineate the surface range and deep extension of graphite deposit, and can provide a leading basis for later graphite engineering exploration.

Abstract:This paper is the result of oil and gas exploration engineering.
[Objective]The development characteristics and controlling factors of high quality tight sandstone reservoirs have become important and difficult issues in the cooperative exploration of conventional and unconventional oil and gas in the integration of source and reservoir in western Sichuan Depression, the relationship between tight sandstone reservoir characteristics and tight gas accumulation is discussed. [Methods]Geochemical,geophysical and sedimentological analysis methods were used to study the development characteristics of tight reservoir in the 3th member of Xujiahe Formation. [Results]Analysis of test data revealed the porosity of the reservoir in the third member of the Xujiahe Formation is distributed between 1.11%-5.70% and the permeability is distributed between (0.0017-0.45)×10^-3 μm²,which belongs to the category of tight reservoir.Based on the grain size of sandstone,three types of high quality reservoirs are identified in tight reservoir of the third Member of Xujiahe Formation in western Sichuan Depression,namely quartz sandstone and lithic quartz sandstone mainly coarse sandstone,the medium and fine sandstone are mainly lithic sandstone,lithic quartz sandstone and feldspar lithic sandstone.Coarse sandstone is less developed in the study area,and medium and fine sandstone with large thickness are relatively developed in the middle of delta front facies of the central and upper sub-member,and in the late stage and early stage of the high and low system tracts.It is a tight reservoir with low porosity and low permeability,ultra-low porosity and ultra-low permeability, and the reservoir space is dominated by secondary pores,micro-pores and micro-fractures. [Conclusions]The development of high quality tight sandstone reservoir is mainly controlled by lithology,sedimentation,stratigraphic sequence and diagenesis.Lithology controls the development type of high-quality reservoir,sedimentation and stratigraphic sequence control the development location of high-quality reservoir,and diagenesis control the formation of high-quality reservoir, tight gas accumulation is restricted by tight sandstone reservoir distribution.
Highlights: The median grain diameter that reveals the sedimentation-sequence characteristics of sandstone can better classify and evaluate the high-quality tight sandstone reservoirs; Coordinated and synergistic effects of multiple factors control the development of high quality tight sandstone reservoirs in the third Member of Xujiahe Formation in western Sichuan Depression.

Abstract:This paper is the result of oil and gas exploration engineering.
[Objective]This paper aims to reveal the special metallogenic conditions of high-grade oil shale by comparing the quality and genetic differences between high grade and low grade oil shale of Permian Lucaogou Formation in Jimusaer area, Junggar Basin. [Methods]TOC, Rock-eval, oil yield, trace and rare earth elements were tested on outcrop samples collected from two sections in Jimusar area, so as to analysis the difference of organic geochemical characteristics, trace and rare earth element characteristics and metallogenic conditions of high-grade and low-grade oil shale. [Results]Research results show that, the organic matter type of high grade oil shale is type I, but the organic matter type of low grade oil shale is type I-II₁. The trace elements contents of the high grade oil shale (such as B, Ba, Cr, Nb, Sr, V, Zr) are significantly different from that of low grade oil shale. The average contents of rare earth elements and the distribution range of rare earth elements in high grade oil shale are smaller than that in low grade oil shale. And elements that are usually enriched in terrestrial detrital minerals of the high grade oil shale is lower than that of low grade oil shale, which shows less terrigenous clastic input of high grade oil shale. The trace elements ratio shows that the oil shale in the study area is formed in warm and humid climate, semi-salty water and reducing environment. Compared to the low grade oil shale, the high grade oil shale was formed with higher salinity water and higher organic matter productivity. [Conclusions] Under the background of warm and humid climate, the relatively small supply of terrigenous clastics reduces the dilution and oxidation of organic matters, and high salinity is more conducive to water stratification, thus forming a long-term reduction environment. Combined with higher organic matter productivity, high-grade oil shale is formed.
Highlights: The oil shale in Jimusaer is formed in warm and humid climate, semi- salty water and reducing environment. The relatively small supply of terrigenous clastics, and high salinity is more conducive to water stratification, combined with higher organic matter productivity, high-quality oil shale is formed.

Abstract:This paper is the result of the soil geochemical survey engineering.
[Objective] Zinc (Zn) is an essential trace element for human body. Using regional geochemical survey data to accurately predict the Zn content in crops and carry out development planning for Zn-rich agricultural products is still a problem. [Methods] In this paper, we chose Linshui County of Sichuan Province as the study area. Basing on the investigation results obtained from the geochemical survey of land quality, content and spatial distribution characteristics of Zn in the soil and crop were studied and the factors affecting Zn element uptake by maize and rice grain were analyzed. [Results] The Zn content of topsoil in the study area ranged from 25.00-142.00mg/kg with a mean value of 81.93 mg/kg. The higher content of Zn in soil were mainly distributed in exposure of carbonate rocks and Emei Shan basalt in Huaying mountain. The average content of Zn in maize and rice were 17.18 mg/kg and 11.20 mg/kg, respectively. The Zn enrichment rates were 44.0% and 8.2%, respectively. The prediction of the planting areas of Zn rich maize and Zn rich rice in Linshui County reached 235.34 km² and 30.99 km² respectively by using back-propagation neural network models. [Conclusions] The main factors affecting the Zn accumulation of maize and rice in the study area were Fe₂O₃, Mn, pH, SiO₂/Al₂O₃, Cao, organic matter and nutrient element P in soil. The back-propagation neural network models could better simulate the relationship between Zn in crop grains and physicochemical properties of soil, which could be used for region specific calculation of crop Zn content.
Highlights: Zn content in maize and rice grains is not only affected by soil Zn but major elements in soil; A map of predictive maize and rice Zn is proposed by neural network models.

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