Abstract:The paper is the result of geological survey engineering.
[Objective] The core problem of prospecting prediction is the nonlinear relationship between mineral distribution and mineral-controlling geological factors. Big data and machine learning technology have shown great advantages in solving such complex nonlinear relationship problems. The prediction dataset of small-scale geochemical remote information has the characteristics of high and extremely unbalanced, which is difficult to adapt by traditional logical assumptions or statistical analysis. Therefore, this paper attempts to introduce the random forest algorithm into the field of small-scale prospecting to explore the application of big data and machine learning technology in small-scale mineralization prediction.
[Methods] In recent years, several Porphyry-epithermal copper polymetallic deposits (such as Luerma, Bolazha, Daruo, Hongshan, and Luobuzhen, etc.) have been discovered in the western Gangdise mineralized belt, which proved that the western Gangdise belt has great prospecting potential for porphyry and epithermal Cu-Au polymetallic deposits. Combined with the comprehensive information of typical deposits, regional geology, geophysics, geochemistry, and remote sensing, this paper uses the random forest method to carry out the prospecting prediction of porphyry and epithermal Cu-Au polymetallic deposits in the western Gangdise belt.
[Results] This work has delineated 11 porphyry copper polymetallic prospect areas (including 2 levels I prospect areas, 3 level II prospect areas, and 6 level III prospect areas), of which Luobuzhen, Dajiacuo, Daruo, Balaza, Gaerqiong, and Budongla have great prospecting potential and are expected to find new ore deposits or points.
[Conclusions] The under-sampling random forest prediction model based on big data machine learning is expected to adapt to the high-dimensional and extremely unbalanced characteristics of prediction data of comprehensive geophysical and geochemical remote information and provide direction for regional prospecting prediction at the scale of the metallogenic belt. The prospective area determined in this work is expected to find new deposits (points), which opens a new vision for ore prospecting and exploration in the Gangdise metallogenic belt.

Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
[Objective] A nearly N-S trending gravity and magnetic anomaly zone with certain homologous characteristics was identified in the Qihe-Yuchen ore concentration area, Shandong Province. In the early stage, thick skarn iron-rich deposits were successively revealed in the northern Litun and southern Dazhang gravity and magnetic anomalies, and great progress has been made in iron ore exploration. However, the Pandian anomaly area, the central part of the ore concentration area is covered by ultra deep Cenozoic, with small scale and weak intensity, while the geophysical information of deep iron ore body is greatly weakened, and the ore-induced magnetic anomaly is covered by the large-scale magnetic anomaly of diorite to a certain extent, which makes it difficult to identify and extract. Therefore, no prospecting breakthrough has been made in-the Pandian anomaly.-
[Methods] This article fully combines the successful prospecting experience of gravity and magnetic exploration in adjacent mining areas. From known to unknown, the plane analysis and profile quantitative inversion of Pandian gravity and magnetic anomalies were carried out, and the whole process interpretation of structural framework division, delineation of metallogenic geological body, anomaly analysis and 2.5D joint inversion is realized in the study area.
[Results] Based on comprehensive study of high-pricision gravity and magnetic data, the deep prospecting information under the ultra deep overburden is obtained,-and finally achieved a new prospecting breakthrough of skarn type rich iron ore in the central part of Qihe-Yucheng ore concentration area.-The three gravity and magnetic anomalies in the ore concentration area are closely related, which proves that the three iron deposits of Dazhang, Pandian and Litun are in the same nearly north-south neutral magmatic rock belt, opening up another important new prospecting space in the Qihe-Yucheng ore concentration area.
[Conclusions] The prospecting results provide important reference and instructions for further deep prospecting under ultra deep overburden. At the same time, it shows that there is a broad prospecting prospect for skarn iron-rich ore in Qihe-Yucheng ore concentration area.

Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
[Objective] During the exploration of sandstone-type uranium deposits, the seismic exploration and traditional wave impedance inversion can effectively distinguish sandstone and mudstone, whereas the small difference of wave impedance cannot distinguish whether the sandstone contains uranium.
[Methods] In order to find favorable uranium-bearing sand bodies, this paper attempts to reconstruct wave impedance by combining acoustic curve with natural gamma curve, which is most sensitive to uranium ore bodies, so as to improve the inversion ability to uranium-bearing reservoir stratum. This work can make up for the defect that the traditional impedance inversion has no significant geophysical difference of uranium-bearing sand bodies and barren sand bodies.
[Results] It has been verified by several drilling cases, and this method effectively enhances the describing ability of rock properties with wave impedance inversion. It also effectively reduces the scope of prospecting and improves the ore finding rate of drilling verification.
[Conclusions] Reconstructed wave impedance inversion using natural gamma curve is worthy to be popularized in the exploration of sandstone-type uranium deposits by using petroleum data.

Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
[Objective] Accomplished by the gradual depletion of mineral resources of shallow laterite-type gold deposits, e.g., Baozidong in Getang area, it is essential to detect deep alternative resources. Based on the metallogenic prediction factors such as regional metallogeny, geophysical and geochemical anomalies, and typical deposit characteristics, the Si/Ca interface between carbonatite in Permian Maokou Formation (P₂m) and clasolite of Longtan Formation (P₃l) at the footwall of the Haimagu ore controlling fault show an ideal prospect for interface-type gold deposits.
[Methods] The broadband magnetotelluric (BMT) method was introduced to imagine the electrical structure of 0-2 km depth in the southwest section of the Haimagu fault. The low resistivity zones revealing by the BMT inversion imply the Haimagu fault with multi-stage activity. In the early stage (before the Middle Permian), Haimagu fault is a tensile normal fault dipping to the northeast, and is a compressive reverse fault in the late stage (after the Early Triassic), dipping to the southeast with angel of 70°-80°. According to the gradient zone of high and low resistivity zone, it is inferred that the interface between Maokou Formation and Longtan Formation features paleo-karst landform with relative uplift and depression in the deep.
[Results] As for the metallogenic model, e.g., prospecting criteria and regional geophysical and geochemical anomalies of the typical deposits in this area, it is considered that the northwest of Haimagu fault with little exploration is worth drilling the deep resource potential.
[Conclusions] The combination technology of shallow and deep exploration (element geochemical anomaly and broadband magnetotelluric detection technology) can optimize to determine target areas. The relative uplifts of P₂/P₃ and Si/Ca interface adjacent to the Haimagu fault are favorable for drilling verification.

Abstract:This paper is the result of oil and gas survey engineering.
[Objective] Focusing on the scientific and technological task of shale gas investigation in the Yangtze River economic belt, China Geological Survey has deployed and implemented 173 shale gas exploration wells, completed more than 310000 m of drilling footage in recent years. Major breakthroughs in the shale gas investigation of Sinian system, Cambrian system, and Silurian system, and important discoveries in the shale gas investigation of Permian system has been achieved. It opened new areas, new strata, new types, and new insights of shale gas exploration. The basic geological survey wells are used to drill cores with low cost and short cycle. They are generally deployed in new blocks and new strata with insufficient data from adjacent wells. Aiming to provide technical support in drilling engineering for shale gas investigation.
[Methods] This article analyzes the related research progress of drilling projects deployed and implemented by China Geological Survey over the past decade, and a series of drilling technologies achieved have been classified and summarized.
[Results] The high-efficiency shale gas drilling equipment and technology system based on the innovative development of geological drilling equipment and technology are summarized:(1) Surface equipment for shale gas geological survey wells has been formed, including improved vertical shaft drilling rig suitable for well control safety of shale gas wells, drilling fluid solid control circulation system meeting the requirements of green exploration, etc.; (2) High-efficiency coring tools and drilling technology, focusing on the coring tools such as large-diameter wireline coring tools, KT series coring tools, inverted tower drilling tool assembly technology, air pipe following technology, etc.; (3) The research progress of high efficiency coring bits is described, including three types of bits, such as special-tooth PDC bits, impregnated block bits and impregnated diamond bits, and their application effects; (4) The progress of safe drilling technology and complex treatment is briefly discussed. The shale gas exploration drilling fluid technology, pressure control drilling technology, and drilling complex treatment such as lost return and sticking is introduced. In addition, the direction of shale gas drilling technology research is given.
[Conclusions] The review of above research progress can provide useful reference for shale gas exploration drilling engineering design and construction.

Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
[Objective] In recent years, the global economic industry structure and energy supply structure have transformed to green and low-carbon with the accelerated development of new energy industry. Understanding the development status and trend of the global lithium resource industry chain under the background of new energy would help us provide basic insights for the sustainable development of the global lithium industry and relevant references for the government and enterprises to improve the competitiveness of the lithium resource industry chain.
[Methods] This paper reviews the specific impact of the increasing demand for new energy on the global lithium resource industry chain in terms of resource supply and demand, smelting and processing, end consumption, and recycling.
[Results] Under the background of new energy, the global terminal consumption of lithium resources, especially in the field of power battery, has continued to flourish; the global demand for lithium has grown rapidly, while the price has continued to rise under the misplacement of supply and demand. With the rising importantance of lithium resources in the world, major economies have listed it as a key mineral, which conducting a series of policies to ensure the safe supply of lithium resources in their own countries, strengthen the recycling of lithium resources, and promote the transformation and upgrading of industrial structure. The production mode, structure and development goal of the enterprises are developing in the direction of low-carbon, integration and sustainability.
[Conclusions] Developing efficient and clean energy has become an effective way to solve energy and environmental problems, and transportation electrification and energy storage make the global demand for lithium resources continue to increase rapidly. These changes have obvious impact not only on the supply pattern of lithium resources in the upstream, but also on the production and processing in the midstream and consumption structure in the downstream end of the industrial chain. However, the transmission and specific impact on every link of the industrial chain are uneven.

Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
[Objective] As the lightest alkaline earth metal, beryllium has become an excellent functional and structural material. Due to its special physical and chemical characteristics such as density, stiffness and melting point, it has great scientific and economic value for researching the genetic mechanism, exploration and development.
[Methods] In this paper, the characteristics, genesis and exploration technology of typical beryllium deposits in the domestic and overseas are systematically sorted out and summarized. The metallogenic rules are summarized from time and space scales by means of similarity and analogy, and the exploration, development and utilization suggestions are also put forward.
[Results] Beryllium deposits can be divided into endogenous and exogenous types. Exogenous beryllium deposits can be subdivided into different deposit types related to weathering or metamorphism. According to the alkali-aluminum properties of magma system, endogenous beryllium deposits can be subdivided into peraluminous, metaluminous and peralkaline metallogenic systems. According to the fluid evolution stage, it can be subdivided into magma type, pegmatite type and magma hydrothermal type.
[Conclusions] From the perspective of metallogenic age, the beryllium mineralization in either peraluminous, metaluminous or peralkaline systems is concentrated in the Mesozoic. Yanshanian is the main metallogenic period of beryllium deposits. From the perspective of metallogenic structure background, the magma type is often produced in post-collision environments, the magmatic hydrothermal type is produced on the continental margin, and the pegmatite type is basically produced in the orogenic belt. Beryllium is one of the new materials, which will play an important role in energy conservation, emission reduction and carbon neutralization in the future. Research on comprehensive utilization and recovery technology of beryllium deposits should be strengthened.

Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
[Objective] The formation of chromite is generally related to basic-ultrabasic rocks. However, the genetic mechanism of chromite deposit remains controversial. Deciphering the genesis of chromite deposit is of great significance for ore exploration.
[Methods] This review work summarizes the ore types, metallogenic age, ore body characteristics and genetic mechanisms of chromite based on previous research results. New perspectives are also provided.
[Results] The chromite resources and production are highly concentrated at South Africa, Kazakhstan, Finland and India, accounting for more than 95% of the global chromite reserves. The global chromite supply market is dominated by South Africa, Kazakhstan and Turkey. There are two major chromite types, namely primary and secondary chromite. Primary chromite is mainly stratiform and podiform, while secondary chromite is mainly seashore placer chromite (or marine placer chromite). The stratiform chromite deposit is commonly huge in scale and formed associated with the basic-ultrabasic intrusions within stable cratons. The podiform chromite deposit is widely distributed and closely symbiotic with ophiolite, but the scale of this deposit is generally small. There are obvious differences in the occurrence, fabric, structure and paragenetic association of the two different chromite types. The podiform chromite is mainly formed in the Phanerozoic, with a small amount formed in the Meso-Neoproterozoic. The stratiform chromite is mainly formed in the Proterozoic and concentrated in the Paleoproterozoic.
[Conclusions] The genetic model of the stratiform chromite deposit is less controversial, mainly focusing on the contamination mechanism of salic roof rocks and the magma mixture. In contrast, little consensus has been reached on the genetic models of podiform chromite. The enrichment mechanism of chromium is a key issue for more scientific constraints in the future.

Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
[Objective] Mineral resources are an important support for economic and social development, and their carrying capacity is the fundamental basis for determining the regional economic structure and development model. It is of great significance to carry out the evaluation of the carrying capacity of regional mineral resources to promote the sustainable development and utilization of regional mineral resources.
[Methods] In this paper, the coal mine resources of Weixin County of Yunnan Province are taken as the research object, and the evaluation index system is constructed by two evaluation factors of carrying background (proportion of resources available, PRO) and carrying state (mining development index, MDI). On this basis, the carrying capacity of coal mine resources in Weixin County is evaluated, and the rationality of the evaluation system of mineral resources and the weight distribution of each sub index is discussed with Weixin County as the evaluation pilot.
[Results] Among the ten townships in Weixin County, there are no townships with "large" coal mine resources carrying capacity, only two with "relative large" carrying capacity, two with "medium" carrying capacity, and six with "small" carrying capacity.
[Conclusions] In the evaluation system of bearing capacity of mineral resources, both positive and negative indicators should be considered equally, accounting for about 50% respectively. In addition, the distribution of the weight of each sub indicator should also closely correspond with the economic, social and environmental policies of the region at that time.

Abstract:This paper is the result of environmental geological survey engineering.
[Objective] As one of the countries with the most diverse types of wetlands, China has a wetland area of 53.60 million hectares, ranking fourth in the world. However, with rapid population growth and economic development, China is facing conflicts between wetland protection and economic development in recent decades. Analyzing the current status of wetland resources and development, as well as the reasons for their degradation in China, is a prerequisite for discussing wetland management strategies.
[Methods] Based on the analysis of the characteristics and current status of wetland resources in China, this article systematically summarized the driving factors of wetland loss and degradation, and proposed wetland management recommendations.
[Results] China is rich in wetlands, which not only provide functions such as water purification, flood control, climate regulation, but also provide rich resource guarantee for local economic development, thereby developing a series of utilization modes with good economic and social benefits. At the same time, China attaches great importance to wetland protection and has issued and implemented a series of wetland protection policies and projects, with a wetland protection rate of 52.65%. However, under the dual impacts of human activities and climate change, wetland shrinkage in China is still widespread, and there are still many scientific issues need to be resolved in wetland protection and restoration management practices.
[Conclusions] The current trend of wetland loss and degradation in China is still severe. To further strengthen wetland protection, it is necessary to strengthen comprehensive multidisciplinary research on the earth system and consider the constraints of economic feasibility and social demands, in order to formulate a sustainable management plan that meets the requirements of social and economic development and ecological science.

Abstract:This paper is the result of ecological geological survey engineering.
[Objective] It is the common responsibility of all countries to protect the ecological environment and promote the sustainable development. The nationwide evaluation of ecosystem service is conducive to the promotion of ecological environment protection and the establishment of the modernization of harmonious coexistence between human and nature.
[Methods] The study on the evaluation of ecosystem service has become a hot topic in the field of ecological sciences. Based on the evaluation method of ecosystem service proposed by Costanza et al. in 2014, this study establishes a dynamic evaluation model of ecosystem service by using the Consumer Price Index, the Purchasing Power Indexes of US dollar and Chinese RMB, which is used to evaluate the ecological system services of Chinese provincial land with the data of the Third National Land Survey, and studies the spatial distribution of ecosystem service value of Chinese provincial land via Hotspot analysis technique.
[Results] The value of ecological system services of Chinese mainland in 2019 is 35.79 trillion RMB. Qinghai province is located in a hotspot area, Heilongjiang province is located in a sub-hotspot area, Guizhou province and Chongqing municipality are located in sub-Coldspot, and Shannxi Province is located in Coldspot area.
[Conclusions] In terms of the geological background and ecological characteristics of the so-called "Two Zones and Three Belts" which involve the Qinghai-Tibet plateau, Northeast zone, Yellow River basin, Yangtze River basin, and coastal zone, we propose to carry out the integrated ecological geological survey of mountain, water, forest, cropland, lake, grass, and sand. The first is to carry out investigation on glacier melting and permafrost thaw, degradation of grasslands and desertification of land in Qinghai-Tibet area. The second is to carry out investigation on forest quality, ecological diversity, and wetland resources in Northeast China. The third is to carry out investigation on ecological degradation in the upstream, water and soil loss in the midstream, and the wetlands shrinkage in the downstream of the Yellow River. The fourth is to carry out investigation on water conservation in the upstream, the rocky desertification and soil erosion of Karst area in the midstream, and wetlands degradation in the downstream of the-Yangtze River. The fifth is to focus on the investigation of typical marine ecosystems such as coastal erosion and mangroves.

Abstract:This paper is the result of hydrogeological survey engineering.
[Objective] The Xin'anjiang River Basin is an important ecological security barrier in East China, and its governance is long-term, arduous, complex, and repetitive. Scientifically evaluating the water environment quality of the basin and identifying the key polluted areas and major pollution factors could provide an important basis for promoting the improvement of the ecological environment of the river basin.
[Methods] Based on the water quality data of 88 monitoring points of Xin'anjiang River basin, the principal component analysis method was used to optimize the evaluation index system of water quality, and then the entropy weight method was adopted to calculate the weight of each index and the comprehensive water quality index of each monitoring point. Moreover, the comprehensive index map of water quality was drawn by the spatial analysis function of GIS.
[Results] The results show that the comprehensive index of 88 monitoring points ranged from 0.02-1.313, and the environmental quality of surface water in the basin was generally good, mainly for class III. The water quality of Zhejiang section was better than that of the Anhui section. The key pollution area was distributed in the Xiuning-Shexian-Huizhou district, forming two pollution centers in Qiankou Town, Yansi Town-Sancun Town. Moreover, TN, TP and NH₃-N were the main pollution indicators of the basin, where TN was a global pollutant, TP and NH₃-N were regional pollutants.
[Conclusions] The water quality evaluation model composed of principal component analysis and entropy weighting method avoids the repeated selection and the subjectivity of weight assignment for evaluation index, which could efficiently evaluate the complex index system of water environment and better reflect the actual spatial distribution of water quality. It is feasible and practical in water quality evaluation.

Abstract:This paper is the result of comprehensive survey engineering of natural resources.
[Objective] It is the inherent demand of ecological protection and high-quality development to measure and analyze the spatio-temporal differentiation of urban land use efficiency in the Yellow River basin.
[Methods] Based on municipal input-output data from 2004-2017, we introduce SFA (Stochastic Frontier Analysis) and Spatial Association Model to measure the urban land use efficiency of 83 cities located in the Yellow River basin.
[Results] The urban land use efficiency of the Yellow River Basin showed an obvious increasing trend during 2004 to 2017. The efficiency growth rate of cities in the upper reaches of the Yellow River basin is faster than that of cities in the middle and lower reaches. The efficiency was still in the middle and low level across the whole area.It still presented great differences of the urban land-use efficiency across the whole the Yellow River basin, but the leadership of central cities played a tremendous role in the urban agglomeration, and the high-efficiency areas (first and second types) were gradually expanding from "Spots" to "Patches", while the middle and low-efficiency areas gradually reduced. The differences of inter-urban agglomeration and differences among the upper, middle and lower reaches gradually converged. The land use efficiency among cities had positive spatial correlation and the agglomeration level was enhanced year by year. The Lisa (local indicators of spatial association) was characterized by polarization. Not only the High-High agglomeration (H-H type) area were mainly distributed in Shandong Peninsula, and gradually clustered into pieces, but also it appeared in the Central Plain urban agglomeration for the first time. The areas with a Low-High agglomeration (L-H type) pattern were transformed from Weifang, Shandong Province to Bayannur, Inner Mongolia. And the High-Low agglomeration areas(H-L type) were concentrated in Lanzhou. The Low-Low agglomeration (L-L type) areas were distributed in the national-level concentrated contiguous poverty areas such as Liupan Mountain area and Qinba Mountain area.
[Conclusions] It is suggested that as a whole, the Yellow River basin should be planned and developed in a coordinated way, and more attenion should be paid to the endogenous impetus of urban development individually. The spatial spillover effect which the central cities make-should be given full play to, and resources should be allocated and shared rationally through the optimization of the scale and structure of capital investments. In addition, to better serve the transformation of urban economic development from labor-intensive and capital-dependent to technology-driven, the policy of differentiated ecological protection and high-quality development should be implemented in the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River Basin.

Abstract:This paper is the result of geological survey engineering.
[Objective] The Qingshuijiang Formation in Kaiyang area of Central Guizhou is a set of epimetamorphic terrigenous clastic rocks intercalated with pyroclastic rocks, which formed at the margin of the Yangtze block in Neoproterozoic. In order to accurately determining the depositional age, the provenance and the paleogeographic pattern of the Qingshuijiang Formation, the sedimentary characteristics of terrigenous clastic rocks and the chronology of pyroclastic rocks are studied in this paper.
[Methods] Based on the detailed geological survey, the detrital zircon U-Pb age of the tuffites at the top of this Formation was determined by LA-ICP-MS analysis, and the regional stratigraphic correlation was carried out.
[Results] Zircon U-Pb ages are divided into two groups, 2488-1821 Ma in Paleoproterozoic and 838-779 Ma in Neoproterozoic, respectively, with a weighted average of (802±24) Ma for the youngest age group. The statistical results of pyroclastic content shows that the magma activity in this period has obvious episodic distribution and periodicity. Regional stratigraphic correlation results show that the exposure nature of the Qingshuijiang Formation in Kaiyang area is similar to Tongren and Yinjiang area, and may be equivalent to the bottom of the Qingshuijiang Formation in southeast Guizhou area.
[Conclusions] The latest depositional age limit of the Qingshuijiang Formation in Central Guizhou is about 800 Ma. The provenance mainly comes from Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou region on the western margin of the Yangtze Landmass. and the abundant volcanics may come from the second to third episodes of tectonic magmatic activity during the breakup of the supercontinent in the middle Neoproterozoic. The sea-land conversion occurred in the subsequent Xuefeng movement, and formed an ancient land extending in the northeast with a higher distribution of altitude in the south than the north, which established the paleogeographic framework of the Nanhua period in the middle Neoproterozoic.

Abstract:This paper is the result of geological survey engineering.
[Objective] A large suite of carbonates developed in the Early Carboniferous in the Lianzhou area of northwest Guangdong, and the representative stratigraphic section of the Lianxian Formation is an ideal stratigraphic section for studying carbonate deposition in this period. The bottom boundary of the selected stratigraphic section of the Banling Village of the former Lianxian Formation is unclear and the outcrop is severely damaged, which has lost the functional value of the stratigraphic section. There is an urgent need to find a new stratigraphic section in the Lianxian Formation to provide a reference for the stratigraphic stratigraphy of the Lower Carboniferous and regional geological survey studies in the area.
[Methods] Tematically studied by means of large scale sectioning, rock identification and paleostratigraphy of the stratigraphic section in Longtan Shijietou village of Jiubei, Lianzhou city, Guangdong. The stratigraphic characteristics of the sequence were obtained and the age of the bottom boundary was determined.
[Results] Based on the evolutionary sequence of foraminifera, the disappearance of foraminiferal Quasiendothyra kobeitusana, Q. konensis and the first occurrence of Bisphaera irregularis birina reveal that the boundary between Devonian and Carboniferous in the Lianzhou area of northwestern Guangdong passed through the middle of the granular tuff at the top of the Changlai Formation. Combined with the stratigraphic, the developmental age of the Lianxian Formation can be the restricted to the Early Carboniferous Dunei stage.
[Conclusions] This section is the largest section with continuous deposition of Early Carboniferous early carbonate rocks known in the region, with complete stratigraphic sequence development and clear top and bottom interfaces, and is the most ideal secondary stratigraphic section found in the Lianxian Formation. This lays the foundation for the establishment of the substratigraphic type (reference section) of the Lianxian Formation. The above results are of great significance for the construction of the regional stratigraphic framework in northwestern Guangdong, the conduct of regional stratigraphic delineation and comparative studies, and the improvement of the regional geological background.

Abstract:This paper is the result of oil and gas exploration engineering.
[Objective] The third member of Shahejie Formation of the Paleogene is the most important oil and gas horizon in Fulin sag, Zhanhua sag, jiyang sag, Bohai Bay Basin, and it has the essential scientific and guiding significance of strengthening the reservoir characteristics of Shahejie Formation, analyzing the main controlling factors of the reservoir, and guiding the reservoir prediction and oil and gas exploration engineering and resources of Shahejie Formation in the area.
[Methods] Based on the petrography and reservoir physical property data, this paper is aiming to dicipher the origin of the sandstone reservoirs of Paleogene Shahejie Formation the Zhanhua sag, Bohai Bay basin.
[Results] The thin sections observation and sem analysis show that the lithofacies of the reservoirs are consist of feldspathic lithic sandstone and lithic feldspar sandstone, with low compositional and structural maturities, indicating that they rapidly deposited in the environment proximal to provenance. The reservoir space type of the reservoir is mainly residual primary intergranular pores, intergranular solution pores and intragranular solution pores, mainly low medium porosity and ultra-low permeability pore type reservoirs. The development of high-quality reservoirs is controlled by sedimentary microfacies and diagenesis. The sedimentary microfacies are the basis for the development of high-quality reservoirs, and cementation and dissolution are the key factors for the development of high-quality reservoirs.
[Conclusions] (1) The rock types in the study area were mainly feldspathic lithic sandstone and lithic feldspar sandstone. (2) It is generally a low-to-mesoporous and ultra-low permeability reservoir; (3) High-quality reservoirs in the study area are mainly distributed in braided river delta distributary channels and estuarine bars; (4) Compaction and cementation are the main destructive diagenesis in the study, while dissolution has constructive diagenesis on reservoir physical properties.

Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
[Objective] Due to the relatively low research level of crystalline graphite deposits in the Aobaoshan crystalline graphite deposit-concentrated area in Dunhuang block, the protolith restoration and paleoenvironment of this area are studied profoundly, which will provide a geological foundation for metallogenic regularity.
[Methods] The protolith of the metamorphic rocks in the Aobaoshan crystalline graphite deposit-concentrated area is restored using the method of petrochemistry, and the paleotectonic environment of its formation is discussed.
[Results] Two-mica quartz schist, biotite plagioclase gneiss and plagioclase amphibolite are enriched in the light rare earth elements. The plagioclase amphibolites have less K₂O contents than Na₂O. They are weakly depleted in Nb and Ta, and strong depleted in Zr and Hf, and have the ratios of LREE/HREE ranging from 2.21 to 6.97, indicating the weak fractionation degree of light and heavy rare earth elements. The biotite plagioclase gneisses and two-mica quartz schists have higher K₂O contents than Na₂O. They show the enrichment in large ion lithophile elements, such as Rb and K, and the depeletion in Ba, Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, Ti and Sr, and obvious Eu negative anomalies. The average ratios of LREE/HREE of the biotite plagioclase gneiss and two-mica quartz schist are 12.44 and 8.89, respectively, indicating strong differentiation of light and heavy rare earth elements.
[Conclusions] It is inferred that the protoliths of the metamorphic rocks from the Aobaoshan crystalline graphite deposit-concentrated area were formed in shallow water area with weak hydrodynamic environment. The protoliths of the plagioclase amphibolites in the Aobaoshan crystalline graphite deposit-concentrated area are subalkaline basic volcanic rock, and they were formed in an island arc. The protoliths of biotite plagioclase gneisses and two-mica quartz schists are shale and clayrock, and they were formed at active continental margins. The paleosedimentary environment was oxygen-rich interactive marine and terrestrial deposition in dry climate zone, and the paleowater medium was brackish water.

Abstract:This paper is the result of geological survey engineering.
[Objective] Indosinian basalt, exposed in the northern part of the Mashan Complex in southeast Guangxi province, is a key rock probe for the study of Indosinian movement in South China. It has been seldom researched so far, which restricts the recognition of evolution of tectonic setting in South China.
[Methods] We carried out zircon U-Pb geochronology, geochemistry, Sr-Nd isotopic geochemistry and petrogenesis of the Mashan basalt.
[Results] The results show that the LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb age of the Mashan basalt is (246.7±1.5) Ma, (MSWD=0.16). The basalt belongs to potassium trachybasalt with high alkali (K₂O+Na₂O=5.21%-8.02%), especially potassium (K₂O=2.59%-4.96%), and is enriched in large ion lithophile elements (Rb, Th, U, K, Pb, LREE) but depleted in-high field strength elements (Nb, Ta, P, Ti, HREE). The Sr-Nd isotopes of the Mashan basalt have affinity with enriched mantle (EMⅡ).
[Conclusions] The geochemical characteristics of the Mashan basalt exhibit shoshonitic features, and is mainly a product through fractional crystallization without obvious crustal contamination. It was probably derived from partial melting of phlogopite- and garnet-bearing lithospheric mantle (>80 km), which was metasomatized by subducted crustal materials. The basalt is developed in an intraplate setting, likely to be shaped by magmatic eruption and intrusion upwards through favorable space created by the extension in the later stage of the Indosinian thrust-nappe structure.

Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
[Objective] The Huangshaping Cu-Sn polymetallic deposit is one of the typical representatives of the magmatic hydrothermal metallogenic system in southern Hunan, China. In order to deepen the diagenetic and metallogenic mechanism of the deposit and efficiently guide the exploration of deep prospecting, it is necessary to reveal the polymetallic mineralization-alteration zone rule related to the concealed granite porphyry, and construct the deep mineralization-alteration spatial zoning model.
[Methods] Applying the large-scale altered lithofacies location prospecting and prediction method for hydrothermal deposits, and the geochemical analysis of rock and mineral for tunnel sections in the typical levels of -136 m, -176 m and -256 m, the intensity change of mineralization-alteration, mineral paragenetic association and its spatial zoning characteristics were analyzed, and the transformation rules of ore-forming elements, element associations and element ratios were discussed.
[Results] The current study constructed mineralization-alteration zoning model:from porphyry (internal zone) to contact zone to surrounding rock (outer zone) with scheelite-molybdenite (pyrite) mineralized-silicified-sericitized granite porphyry zone (Ⅰ) → magnetization (scheelite-cassiterite) mineralized garnet skarn zone (Ⅱ-1) → scheelite-molybdenite-pyrrhotite mineralized garnet skarn zone (Ⅱ-2) → lead-zinc mineralized crystalline limestone zone (Ⅲ) → strong calcitization limestone zone (Ⅳ). The main mineral assemblages of in the corresponding zones are:Quartz + (Pyrite + Sericite) → Magnetite + Diopside + Wollastonite + Epidote + Chlorite + (Scheelite + Cassiterite + Pyrite + Garnet) → Scheelite + Molybdenite + Pyrrhotite + (Cassiterite + Chalcopyrite + Pyrite + Sphalerite + Galena) + Garnet + Vesuvianite + Diopside + Hornblende + Fluorite + Epidote + Chlorite + (Quartz + Calcite) → Galena + Sphalerite + (Pyrite) + Calcite + Quartz → Calcite + Quartz. The distribution rule of mineralized elements in each alteration zone was revealed:W, Mo → Fe, W, Sn (Bi, Mo) → W, Sn, Bi, Mo (Cu) → Pb, Zn (W, Sn, Cu) → Pb, Zn, Ag.
[Conclusions] The mineralization-alteration zoning rule of the deposit was obvious from the rock mass as the center to the surrounding rock on both sides. The transformation rules of characteristic mineral assemblage and mineralization indicator elements in each zone have an obvious indication of the occurrence position of the ore body.

Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
[Objective] The Zhongshangou gold deposit is located in the north margin of North China Craton and the south side of Shangyi-Chongli-Chicheng deep fault. It is one of the typical gold deposits in Zhangjiakou-Xuanhua gold concentration area, Hebei Province. This paper discusses the characteristics and evolution of ore-forming fluids, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the exploration of the deposit.
[Methods] This paper summarizes the regional mineralizing setting, geological characteristics of the mining area, ore body and ore characteristics. Representative samples from four metallogenic stages were selected to conduct research on fluid inclusion petrography and micro thermometry, hydrogen and oxygen isotopes, and helium and argon isotopes.
[Results] The results indicate that it can be divided into four metallogenic stages:K-feldspar-pyrite-quartz stage (I), milky white quartz-pyrite stage (II), smoky gray quartz-sulfide stage (III) and sulfide-poor-carbonate stage (IV). Gas-liquid two-phase primary fluid inclusions are mainly developed in each mineralization stage. The temperature measurement data of fluid inclusions show that the homogenization temperature and salinity of main ore-forming stage are respectively 210-250℃ and 6.01%-13.62%NaCleqv. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope show that δ¹⁸O_H2O and δD_V-SMOW values are respectively -2.97‰-6.96‰ and -94.6‰--80.2‰, which show that the δ¹⁸O_H2O values drift to the atmospheric water line and show a linear change. Helium and argon isotope of the pyrite show that ³He/⁴He values are 1.82×10^-7-9.24×10^-7, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar values are 699.9-2200.4, R/Ra values are 0.13-0.66, radiogenic ⁴⁰Ar^* values are 55.89%-86.57%, and mantle derived helium values are 2.00%-10.86%.
[Conclusions] The ore-forming fluid has experienced a continuous evolution process from medium-high temperature and medium-low salinity to low temperature and medium-low salinity. The main ore-forming stage experienced strong boiling. In the late stage of mineralization, there mixed in a large amount of meteoric water. With the development of mineralization, the proportion of mantle derived materials in mineralization increased gradually. The ore-forming fluid has the characteristics of magma fluid mixed with the crust and mantle. To sum up, the ore-forming fluid of Zhongshangou gold deposit is characterized by the intrusive rock related telluride-gold deposit.

Abstract:This paper is the result of geological survey engineering.
[Objective] The Tagelake strip pluton, outcropped at the south Tianshan terrane in Southwestern Tianshan orogenic belt, is composed of monzogranites. Determining the formation mechanism of the monzogranites has important implications for the crust-derived magma origin and the time limit of subduction and ocean basin closure in South Tianshan Mountains.
[Methods] In order to determine the formation mechanism of the monzogranites, detailed zircon U-Pb geochronology, major elements and trace elements were firstly conducted.
[Results] LA-ICP-MS zircon geochronology study reveals that the monzogranites in the Tagelake area crystallized at (284.0±1.9)-(284.3±3.2) Ma, indicative of an Early Permian pluton. The results of major elements and trace elements reveal that the monzogranites display the characteristics of A-type granite:(1) The contents of SiO₂ (70.92%-72.78%), K₂O+Na₂O (7.91%-8.44%) and A/CNK (0.89-0.99) are high, indicating that monzogranites are metaluminous rock and belongs to the high potassium calcium alkaline series; (2) The monzogranites are enriched in LREE (196×10^-6-280×10^-6) and depleted in HREE (22.8×10^-6-28.2×10^-6). Negative Eu anomaly is obvious, with δEu values of 0.51-0.64, and the monzogranites are characterized by fractionated chondrite-normalized REE patterns; (3) The monzogranites are enriched in Rb, Th, K and other large ion lithophile elements and depleted in Nb, Ta, Zr, P, and other high field strength elements.
[Conclusions] Combined with the regional tectonic evolution, it is considered that the Tagelake monzogranites were formed in the post-collision tectonic setting.

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