Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.[Objective] The East Nanling region is an important concentration area of Li-Be-Nb-Ta polymetallic deposits, and the potential of Li-Be-Nb-Ta mineral resources is huge. The main types and prospecting breakthrough of Li-Be-Nb-Ta deposits are the key issues to be urgently solved in this area. [Methods] Based on the investigation of tungsten, tin, rare and rare earth minerals, we systematically summarizd the conditions of regional metallogenic geological, geochemical and geophysical achievements and remote sensing, and latest achievements of prospecting in the east Nanling. [Results] It is proposed that the large-scale mineralization of Li-Be-Nb-Ta deposits in this area during the Yanshanian and Caledonian periods. We proposed that the main prospecting deposit types of Li-Be-Nb-Ta deposits are muscovite (lepidolite) albite granite-type related to Yanshanian highly differentiated granite, and pegmatite-type related to Late Caledonian granite. 11 prospecting areas for Li-Be-Nb-Ta deposits and 20 prospecting target districts (including 6 A-level, 6 B-level and 8 C-level) have been delineated. [Conclusions] It is suggested that the 6 A-level prospecting target areas should be given priority to carry out mineral exploration work, in order to achieve new major breakthroughs in the prospecting of Li-Be-Nb-Ta deposits in the East Nanling region as soon as possible.

Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.[Objective] The type, location and horizon of coal accumulation basin conducive to aluminum-gallium symbiosis were predicted. [Methods] The coupling relationship between coal, aluminum and gallium is discussed through the symbiotic relationship of aluminum and coal - aluminum in coal accumulation basin. Then, based on the differences of coal accumulation strength of different types of coal accumulation basins, combined with the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of aluminum ore, the types and horizon of coal accumulation basins conducive to the co-occurrence of aluminum and gallium are discussed. Based on the tectono-sedimentary process of coal-bearing rock series during the sedimentary period, combined with the gallium test data in coal, the prediction of gallium-bearing favorable areas in the southern margin of Ordos Basin is carried out. [Results] Among the basin types, the large stable craton coal accumulation basin has high coal accumulation strength and obviously strong aluminum (gallium) mineralization. Gallium is the best in the Carboniferous-Permian coal in North China, the second in Late Permian in South China, and the lowest in Early and Middle Jurassic in North China. The content of gallium in the coal of Pubai mining area in the southern margin of Ordos Basin is relatively high, and the content of gallium in the bottom coal seam generally exceeds 30 μg /g, followed by the coal seam of Tongchuan mining area, the weighted average of gallium in coal is 28 μg/g, and there are 450 pieces of gallium content over 30 μg/g in various mining areas of Huanglong Jurassic coal field. The No. 2 coal layer at the top has the highest content of gallium, and gallium is mainly enriched in the roof and floor of coal seam and gangue. The content of gallium in coal seam itself is relatively low. Finally, 4 favorable areas for finding gallium are predicted. [Conclusions] Coal and aluminum (gallium) have basically the same ore-forming background and closely related ore-forming conditions, which determines the internal genesis and coupling relationship of coal-aluminum-gallium symbiosis in coal-bearing rock series, and can form coal-aluminum-gallium co-forming ore series. Due to the difference of basement stability and basin formation mechanism, the coal accumulation strength of different types and different times not only causes the difference, but also controls the difference of aluminum-gallium enrichment degree.

Abstract:This paper is the result of oil and gas exploration engineering.[Objective] The oil and gas resources of Yan'an Formation in Wuqi area of Ordos Basin are widely distributed and have great exploration potential. The systematic study on the accumulation time and stages of Yan10 reservoir of Yan'an Formation in Wuqi area is beneficial to the fine oil and gas exploration and development process, and provides a basis for understanding and perfecting the nature of Jurassic hydrocarbon accumulation in the whole basin. [Methods] In this paper, the characteristics of reservoir fluid inclusions in the study area were analyzed by means of microscopic observation and indirect projection dating of fluid inclusions homogenization temperature and burial history, so as to further determine the hydrocarbon accumulation period. [Results] The early and late inclusions exist in Yan10 reservoir of Jurassic Yan'an Formation in Wuqi area of Yishan slope, Ordos Basin. The early fluid inclusions are mainly distributed in dissolution cracks and quartz secondary enlarging edges on the surface of quartz grains; The late fluid inclusions are mainly distributed in the fractures and the surface of quartz particles, while they are distributed sporadically in the late siliceous cements and calcite cements. The peak homogenization temperature of early inclusions is 80-90℃. The peak of homogenization temperature of late inclusions is 100-110℃, and the homogenization temperature of the two phases is continuously distributed. [Conclusions] There are two consecutive hydrocarbon charging periods in Yan10 reservoir of Yan'an Formation in Wuqi area of Yishan slope, Ordos Basin: the first oil and gas charging period corresponds to 112-106 Ma. The corresponding time of the second oil and gas charging is about 102-97 Ma. Two oil and gas charging shows that the oil and gas accumulation period in the study area is 112-97 Ma ago, which is the end of the Early Cretaceous.

Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.[Objective] Significant breakthroughs have recently been made in fluorite prospecting in the western part of the Altyn-Tagh Orogen in NW China. The newly discovered super-large mineralized belt, which includes the Kaerqiaer, Kumutashi, Xiaobaihegou and North Bulake deposits, is an important fluorite resource base. Research on the genesis of fluorite mineralization is lacking. This paper selects typical deposits in the area for research, to reveal the geological characteristics, ore-controlling factors and prospecting potentials of the super-large fluorite mineralization belt in the West Altyn-Tagh Orogen, thus increasing our knowledge of the genesis and improving regional prospecting for the mineralization. [Methods] Based on detailed field investigation, this paper uses LA-ICP-MS zircon dating, geochemistry and Hf isotope analysis to define: (1) The age of rock formation and mineralization; (2) The genesis of ore-controlling alkali-feldspar granite and fluorite mineralization; (3) Summarises the ore-controlling elements and prospecting characteristics of the area; (4) Conducts mineralisation prediction through geological, geochemical and remote sensing data; (5) Analyses the prospectivity of the region. [Results] The fluorite mineralization is of hydrothermal origin closely related to alkali feldspar granites, and is controlled largely by NE-trending faults and, to a lesser extent, NEE- and E-trending faults. The host rocks are plagioclase gneiss and carbonate rocks in Altyn Group. The main types of ore include massive, vein and breccia containing early white and later purple fluorite, calcite and minor amounts of quartz, apatite and tainiolite. The alkali feldspar granite at the Kumutashi fluorite deposit has a zircon U-Pb age of (450.0 ±2.7) Ma, ε_Hf(t) values ranges from -5.33 to +6.45, and T_DM2 age between 1767 Ma and 1020 Ma. The geochemical data also shows that the alkali feldspar granite is potassic, metaluminous, high differentiated and genetically related with F-rich rocks. The granite is enriched in Rb, Th, U, La, Ce, Nd, Zr and Hf, depleted in Ta, Nb, Sr, P, and Ti, and has a high ΣREE content. These characteristics are indicative of A-type granites emplaced during the Late Ordovician and derived from a mixed crustal and mantle magma during post-orogenic extension. [Conclusions] The widely distributed alkali feldspar granite with high F and ΣREE contents have high prospectivity for fluorite, tin, rare metals, and REE. Thus, the combination of alkali granites, NE-trending faults, and carbonates in the Altyn Group are consisted prospective for large fluorite deposits.

Abstract:This paper is the result of energy exploration engineering.[Objective] Coal is the primary energy source in China, while coalbed methane serves as an important and hazardous source of coal mine production process and a vital clean energy alternative. Methane, the main component of coalbed methane, exhibits a greenhouse effect 80-120 times stronger than the same volume of carbon dioxide. Excessive methane emissions can significantly impact environmental quality. This paper analyzes the patterns and technologies of coordinated exploration of coal and coalbed methane in China to demonstrate the necessity and flexibility of such an approach. Furthermore, it proposes a new technical approach for cooperative exploration of coal and coalbed methane in China. [Methods] The paper also analyzes and discusses energy supply and demand, the current state, and development trends of theories and technologies for co-mining coal and coalbed methane in China. Additionally, it studies and evaluates the development and utilization of coal and coalbed methane. [Results] The necessity and feasibility of implementing coordinated exploration and development of coal and coalbed methane are scientifically validated, and the main bottlenecks in China's of coordinated exploration and development of coal and coalbed methane are revealed. Moreover, the paper provides a technique system for coordinated exploration and development of coal and coalbed methane and presents a new development mode, key technologies, and development proposals for this approach. [Conclusions] In conclusion, the implementation of coordinated exploration and development of coal and coalbed methane is highly necessary and urgent. The characteristics of coalbed methane reservoirs (low permeability, low reservoir pressure, and low gas saturation) and complex geological conditions determine that cooperative exploration and development of coal and coalbed methane, with surface pumping as supplement, is the dominant mode in China. Considering the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, it is crucial to deepen research on the reservoir formation law of coal and coalbed methane coupling mineralization and accumulation, and establish a technical system that combines key technologies of cooperative exploration, development, and utilization of coal and coalbed methane with CCUS technology.

Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.[Objective] Cobalt is a significant new energy mineral, and power batteries provide a wide range of market development opportunities as a result of the power batteries' quick increase in installed capacity. Evaluating the properties of cobalt deposits and the current state of supply and demand is essential for the geological exploration and subsequent industrial chain. [Methods] Mainly through the investigation method, quantitative analysis method and qualitative analysis method, we analyze, compare, and summarize large amounts of data collected in surveys. [Results] The article examines the characteristics of the world's cobalt resources and the supply and demand situation from the perspectives of global resource distribution, supply and trade patterns, consumption history, and trends. It also conducts research and makes conclusions about the market's?prospects based on the current state of the sector. [Conclusions] First, cobalt resources that can be developed and utilized in the world are relatively concentrated. Sedimentary sandstone copper-cobalt deposits are primarily found in Congo (Golden), weathered laterite nickel-cobalt deposits are mainly distributed in Australia, and magmatic rock-type copper-nickel-cobalt sulfides deposits are mostly discovered in Canada. Second, the majority of cobalt exploration funding go to the Congo (Kinshasa), Australia, Canada, and the United States, but there has been a drop in global cobalt output because the funds have not yet been translated into production capacity. Third, a "duopoly" situation is developing due to the global cobalt mining giants' steadily growing market dominance. Fourth, the global cobalt consumption structure has been supported by the battery-based consumption structure and consumers in China. Fifth, while all major institutions around the world are positive about the future of the cobalt market, this article expects it will continue to grow over the next five to ten years. However, there are risks to keep an eye out for, like technological advancements and competition in the battery sector.

Abstract:This paper is the result of hydrogeological survey engineering.[Objective] With the improvement of industrialization, the discharge of industrial wastewater containing heavy metals (such as arsenic, copper, chromium, cadmium, nickel, zinc, lead, mercury and manganese) is gradually increasing. Due to its non-biodegradability and long half-life, heavy metals in wastewater cause severe pollution in groundwater, surface water, soil and crops, seriously endangering the health of human beings, animals and plants. Therefore, it is necessary to remove these toxic heavy metals from industrial wastewater. [Methods] Based on the current status of heavy metal pollution in industrial wastewater, the current status and progress of heavy metal treatment in industrial wastewater are analyzed by comprehensively considering removal efficiency, treatment cost, sludge output, recyclability and other factors. [Results] This paper presents the research of leading technologies on heavy metals removal from industrial wastewater. The internal mechanism, influencing factors (pH, temperature and heavy metal concentration) and the advantages and disadvantages of each technology are summarized. The development trend of heavy metal removal technology in industrial wastewater is proposed to provide a meaningful reference for the comprehensive treatment of industrial wastewater. [Conclusions] Various heavy metal removal technologies have broad prospects for heavy metal treatment with some drawbacks. Conventional physical and chemical methods have problems such as high sludge production, low removal efficiency and high energy consumption. In contrast, biological methods strongly depend on pH and temperature and the high demand for energy and maintenance. The combined process is a feasible method to improve the removal efficiency of heavy metals. Research and development of new natural adsorbents, membrane technology and biotechnology, and strengthening the comprehensive application of various technologies are effective ways to remove heavy metals from industrial wastewater.

Abstract:This paper is the result of coastal geological survey engineering.[Objective] Since the term "blue carbon" was first used in 2009, the important role of blue carbon habitats in sequestering atmospheric CO₂ has received an increasing attention from environmental scientists, social scientists, and economists all over the world, and how to effectively manage coastal blue carbon has become one of the hottest topics. [Methods] Based on recent publications concerned with the sustainable management of coastal wetland ecotones and the services they provide in terms of blue carbon storage, we synthesized current researches regarding blue carbon, the spatial distribution of blue carbon within coastal ecotones, and the factors that control blue carbon sequestration. [Results] The total amount of blue carbon and carbon sequestration potential are huge in China's coastal wetlands. However, with the development of coastal zones becoming more and more extensive, a blue carbon sink capacity of coastal zones has been greatly affected. [Conclusions] Further studies are clearly needed to identify how a synthesis of environmental, social, and economic issues can facilitate the conservation and management of blue carbon sinks, and strengthen the potential evaluation of new blue carbon sinks in the future. A blue carbon research will improve China's image within the international scientific community that concerns the researches of carbon cycle, global climate change, and mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. Blue carbon studies will also provide basic scientific understanding needed to identify relevant national strategies and policies with respect to coastal wetland restoration.

Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.[Objective] The geological characteristics, genesis and deposit types of Shuitou fluorite deposit are systematically studied to fully and rationally develop and utilize its resources. [Methods] Based on the analysis of the geological characteristics, ore genesis and current situation of ore development-utilization, we summarized ore types and development-utilization value of Shuitou fluorite deposit. [Results] Shuitou large fluorite deposit was formed in the early Cretaceous, which ore bodies mainly existed in the upper Permain Linxi Formation tuffaceous siltstone. It’s a fault-control, medium-low-temperature hydrothermal, fracture-filling type deposit. The reserve resources/reserves of fluorite ores are 1700.48 kt, with a CaF₂ average grade 62.27% and CaF₂ mineral content of 1058864 t. The spectral analysis shows that useful component is CaF₂, and the ore has good floatability and belongs to the easy separation ore. Fluorite concentrate with CaF₂ grade 97.56% and recovery rate 87.07% can be obtained by one state rougher, two states scavenger and four states cleaner. [Conclusions] The comprehensive analysis indicate that Shuitou large fluorite deposit has good development-utilization value.

Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.[Objective] Shaowu area in Fujian Province is an important fluorite mineralization prospect area in China. There are many fluorite chemical enterprises in this area. In recent years, the problem of insufficient reserves of fluorite follow-up resources has become increasingly obvious. We carry out research on the geological and geochemical characteristics of fluorite deposit, study the genesis of fluorite and the source of ore-forming materials to guide the prospecting of fluorite ore in this area, and ensure the supply of fluorite resources in this area. [Methods] This paper summarizes the geological characteristics and distribution of fluorite deposit in the study area systematically based on rare earth and trace elements of fluorite and surrounding rocks of typical fluorite deposits. [Results] The fluorite and surrounding rock are relatively enriched in LREE and relatively depleted in HREE with similar rare earth partition curve. [Conclusions] Based on the geology, trace and rare earth elements characteristics of fluorite ore and La/HO-Y/Ho and Tb/Ca-Tb/La relationship diagram, and combined with previous studies on hydrogen and oxygen isotope characteristics of fluorite gas-liquid inclusions in South China, it is concluded that the fluorite deposit in the Shaowu area of Fujian Province is a medium-low temperature hydrothermal filled fluorite deposit along fault structure; (2) The ore-forming materials (F and Ca elements) are derived from the leaching and extraction of early Yanshanian biotite syenite granite by fresh water.

Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.[Objective] The Shuitoushan deposit is located in the south part of Baoshan block in the "Sanjiang" metallogenic belt, SW China. It is another important newly discovered epithermal Pb-Zn deposit in Zhenkang ore concentration area. Since no igneous rock exposed in the mining area, the origin of the ore deposit is still controversial. This paper aims to determine the genetic type of the deposit by studying on the sources of ore-forming materials and fluids. [Methods] Based on the detailed division of ore-forming stages of Shuitoushan deposit, the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) was used to systematically analyze rare eath elements of the rocks (ores) and sulfides in different stages. C and O isotopic compositions of the ore-hosted carbonate rocks, marbles and calcites of different stages were analyzed as well. Compared with the adjacent Luziyuan super-large Pb-Zn-Fe polymetallic deposit, we discuss the sources of ore-forming materials and the characteristics of ore-forming fluids in the Shuitoushan deposit, and reveal the ore-forming mechanism of the deposit. [Results] The Shuitoushan deposit can be divided into mineralization stage and epigenetic stage. Among them, the mineralization stage can be further divided into stage I (pyrite-chalcopyrite-calcite stage), stage II (sphalerite-galena-calcite stage) and stage III (chalcopyrite-calcite stage). The studies of rare earth elements and C-O isotopic compositions show that the Y/Ho values of minerals and ores from each stage of Shuitoushan deposit indicate the source of the ore-forming materials is related to deep magmatic activity. Comparing the REE distribution model of minerals and ores from Shuitoushan deposit with the Yanshanian Kejie and Zhibenshan granites in the Baoshan block shows that the REEs in the ore-forming fluid of this deposit was mainly originated from deep magmatic hydrothermal fluid. As shown in the δ¹³C_V-PDB-δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW diagram, the ore-forming fluids are also mainly from magmatic hydrothermal fluids. During the migration processes, the ore-forming hydrothermal fluids was contaminated by sedimentary rocks in early stage, and may be affected by low-temperature alteration and atmospheric precipitation in later stages. [Conclusions] Both the sources of ore-forming materials and fluids of Shuitoushan deposit are closely related to the magmatic hydrothermal fluid in the deep part of the mining area. It has the same origin with the adjacent Luziyuan super-large Pb-Zn-Fe polymetallic deposit, and is an epithermal deposit related to acidic magmatic hydrothermal fluids.

Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.[Objective] The Hongnipo copper deposit in Sichuan Province is a large new-discovered copper deposit in recent years in the middle section of the Kangdian axis on the western edge of the Yangtze platform. Due to the deep burial of the ore body, the surface is covered by the Quaternary, and it is difficult to break through in deep and peripheral ore exploration. [Methods] This article collected primary halo samples from 5 boreholes on the P-3 exploration line in the mining area, and analyzed and tested 18 elements out of 349 samples, as well as studied the characteristics of primary halos. [Results] The main ore-forming element Cu is mainly distributed in the lower section of Tianshengba Formation and the upper section of Luodang Formation. Multivariate statistical analysis shows that Cu has a good correlation with Ag, Co, Mo, As, Sb and other elements. The axial zoning sequence of the primary halo of the ore body is obtained by using the Grigoryan zoning index method: F, Nb, La → Au, Ag, Bi, Mo → Cu, Zn, Pb, As → Sn → Co, Sb. [Conclusions] Through the construction of geochemical exploration indexes, the prospecting prediction model of Hongnipo copper deposit is established, and it is preliminarily believed that the No. 1 ore body of Hongnipo copper mine still extends to the west.

Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.[Objective] In recent years, the study of sandstone-type uranium deposits has become a hotspot among geologists, especially the study of uranium-bearing strata. [Methods] Based on LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating of detrital zircons from the lower part of the Lower Cretaceous Luohe Formation uranium-bearing sandstones in Zhenyuan area, southwestern Ordos Basin, the provenance and tectonic significance of uranium-bearing sandstones are discussed. [Results] The results show that the detrital zircon U-Pb ages of the lower member of the Lower Cretaceous Luohe Formation are mainly distributed in five age intervals: 166-370 Ma (n=49), 388-472 Ma (n=14), 1744-2150 Ma (n=14), 2241-2740 Ma (n=14) and 615-1623 Ma (n=9), besides 615-1623 Ma whose peak age can not be determined, and the corresponding peak ages are 272 Ma, 427 Ma, 1899 Ma and 2493 Ma, respectively. [Conclusions] Comparative analysis of detrital zircon U-Pb age spectra shows that the lower member of Lower Cretaceous Luohe Formation in the study area has six source areas, including the eastern part of the North Qilian orogenic belt, the North Qinling orogenic belt, the Xingmeng orogenic belt, the Helan Mountain, the basement of the North China Plate and the Alxa Block, among which the eastern part of the North Qinling orogenic belt and the North Qilian orogenic belt are the main source areas. The detrital zircon ages show that the southwest margin of Ordos Basin formed a passive continental margin in Ordovician, the Silurian-Devonian transformed into a collisional orogenic belt, the Carboniferous-Permian transformed from an orogenic belt into a sedimentary basin, and the Jurassic-Cretaceous formed stable sedimentary strata to provide favorable space for uranium ore storage.

Abstract:This paper is the result of hydrogeological survey engineering.[Objective] Overexploitation of groundwater in Beijing has caused serious land subsidence since the 1980s. After the south water entered Beijing in 2014, closure of self-contained water-source well and water-source replacement, groundwater mining restriction, and ecological water supplement carried out on a large scale in Beijing led to a significant rise in groundwater table.Ground subsidence slowed down, and even rebounded in some areas. Response of ground subsidence to groundwater table rise is a complicated process. The relevant research is of great significance to the prevention and control of land subsidence in Beijing, further providing reference for the prevention and control of land subsidence in China. [Methods] The plain area of Chaobai River Basin was selected in this study, and the spatial monitoring of regional land subsidence and groundwater was carried out by using synthetic aperture radar interferometry, land subsidence layered mark monitoring technology and groundwater layered monitoring technology to verify the response characteristics of land subsidence to the rising groundwater table. [Results] (1) With the recharge of Chaobai River groundwater, the maximum water table of the first and second confined aquifers returned 25.49 m and 25.67 m, respectively. (2) The maximum rebound rate and rebound range of the region from 2015 to 2020 were basically consistent with the water table contour in the groundwater rising area. (3) In the middle and upper reaches of alluvial fan of Chaobai River, the soil compression of different lithologic soil layers continued slowing down or rebounding under the groundwater table restoration mode. But the groundwater table continued declining in the downstream area where groundwater was not recharged, and the soil deformation continued compressing. [Conclusions] The ecological water supplement of Chaobai River led to the increase in groundwater table, which effectively controlled the rapid trend of land subsidence development.

Abstract:This paper is the result of hydrogeological survey engineering.[Objective] The Luanhe River Delta has naturally occurring high fluoride groundwater. Identifying the spatial distribution characteristics of fluoride in groundwater and analyzing its enrichment mechanism is beneficial for ensuring the safety of local residents' water supply. [Methods] This study collected a total of 96 shallow and 190 deep groundwater samples on-site and conducted a systematic analysis of the hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater and the hydrogeochemical processes related to the formation of high fluoride groundwater. [Results] Results show that 8% of the shallow groundwater samples and 21% of the deep groundwater samples in the Luan River Delta contain fluoride content higher than 1.0 mg/L of Chinese drinking water standards and groundwater quality standards. Shallow high fluoride groundwater is locally distributed in a small area, while deep high fluoride water is mainly concentrated in deep aquifers dominated by HCO₃-Na·Ca type water. The calculation result of PHREEQC saturation index indicates that fluorite in groundwater is unsaturated, and fluorite mineral dissolution is the main source of groundwater F^-. [Conlusions] A comparative analysis of the water chemistry characteristics of shallow and deep groundwater with high F^- suggested that evaporation and concentration have a significant impact on the enrichment of F^- in shallow groundwater, while the enrichment of fluoride in deep groundwater is mainly controlled by desorption, competitive adsorption and cation exchange. In addition, seawater intrusion has little effect on F^- enrichment in groundwater. Therefore, this study recommends that high fluoride groundwater in the shallow and deep aquifers should be treated separately using electrochemical methods and coagulation-precipitation or adsorption methods, respectively, to reduce fluoride levels.

Abstract:This paper is the result of mine environmental geological survey engineering.[Objective] This paper investigates the status and risk of heavy metal pollution in the soil surrounding a tin mining area, focusing on 7 heavy metal elements, namely Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Cd, As and Hg, found in 114 surface soil and three column soil group. [Methods] The pollution level, potential ecological risk and human health risk in the area were evaluated using the geo-accumulation index method, potential ecological risk index method and health risk assessment model. [Results] The average content of soil heavy metals in the study area manifested that As > Zn > Pb > Cu > Cr > Cd > Hg. In terms of spatial distribution, the elements Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd and As are predominantly concentrated near the mine area, exhibiting a decrease in content as the soil depth increases and tend to be stable below 60cm. The Cr element is primarily localized within congested area. While the Hg element displays a uniform distribution. The results of the cumulative land show that the As and Cd exhibit high levels of pollution, while Cu, Pb and Zn display low-heavy level polluted. The Cr and Hg elements show low-no level pollution in the study area. Potential ecological results reveal that the study area experiences high pollution levels, with As and Cd posing the most severe ecological risks. Health risk assessment shows that As and Pb elements in the soil are the main non-carcinogenic factors and the As element is the main carcinogenic factor. The As element is the main risk of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenicity. The oral ingestion is the main route of exposure, and children are more vulnerable to heavy metal pollution. [Conclusion] To varying degrees, anthropogenic activities have influenced the presence of all seven heavy metals within the study area. The As and Cd elements are the most influenced by humans, followed by Pb, Zn and Cu. The Cr and Hg elements have been less affected by humans.

Abstract:This paper is the result of geological hazards survey engineering.[Objective] Naguni gully is located in the Eryang watershed in Chabu Town, Minxian County, Gansu Province. Structurally, it is situated within the Lintan-Dangchang fault branch zone. It is a small-scale, high-frequency debris flow gully, and the development of landslides within the watershed results in a unique landslide-debris flow disaster chain. The mechanisms and evolutionary processes of this disaster chain are worthy of in-depth study. [Methods] Through field investigations, remote sensing interpretation, and laboratory experiments, the development characteristics of the Nagune gully disaster were clarified. The disaster mechanisms of the landslide-debris flow chain were studied, and the evolutionary process of the landslide-debris flow disaster chain under fault activity within the small watershed was analyzed. [Results] The research results indicate that the landslide-debris flow disaster chain in Nagune gully manifests as a cyclic development of debris flows, landslides, and burst flood debris flows. The current fault activity results in the development of loose materials and unstable slopes within the channel, establishing the material basis for the formation of the disaster chain. High-frequency, short-duration heavy rainfall or continuous rainfall triggers multiple occurrences of debris flows. The lateral erosion of the gully foot by debris flows causes slope instability and leads to landslides. The landslides block the gully, forming a barrier lake, and the breach of the barrier lake results in burst flood debris flows. The evolutionary process of the disaster chain includes the initial erosion phase of debris flow, gradual deformation of slopes approaching critical instability, the formation of a blocked gully due to landslide movement, breach of the barrier lake leading to burst flood debris flows, erosion of the opposite slope foot causing further instability and downslope movement, and the cyclic development of debris flows, landslides, and burst flood debris flows. [Conclusions] In summary, the formation of the disaster chain in Nagune gully is the result of current fault activity and the combined effects of short-duration, concentrated rainfall or continuous rainfall. The repeated occurrence of debris flows during the rainy season and the creeping deformation of landslides within the Nagune watershed contribute to the cyclic development of the landslide-debris flow- burst flood debris flow disaster chain.

Abstract:This paper is the result of geo-hazards survey engineering.[Objective] The Loess Plateau is one of the regions with the most serious geo-hazards in China. The key to effectively and accurately prevent and control the loess geo-hazards is to precisely identify the hidden geo-hazards dangers and thoroughly understand the number of geo-hazards risks. [Methods] This paper takes Mizhi County in the Loess Plateau region of northern Shaanxi as an example to perform the identification, investigation and evaluation of the hidden loess geo-hazards dangers step by step, and establish the system of refined risk identification technology method for the loess geo-hazards at the county level. The DEM data with resolution of 2 m×2 m is used to identify the slopes prone to induce collapses and landslides. The remote sensing data with resolution of 0.2 m is applied to identify the dangerous slopes. The natural village is taken as the unit to investigate the dangerous slopes and evaluate their risks. [Results] The results show that: (1) A total of 44716 landslide-prone slopes with inclination degree greater than 40° and height larger than 20 m and 4198 dangerous slopes with threatening objects were identified. (2) Through risk identification, field investigation and evaluation, the total number of geo-hazard risks in Mizhi County was thoroughly understand. There are 4406 geo-hazards risks, including 11 extremely high risks, 304 high risks, 1451 medium risks and 2640 low risks. (3) A number of 3880 risks accounting for 88.06% of the total risks were identified by the DEM and remote sensing with the identification accuracy of 92.42%. (4) From July to August 2022, 36 geo-hazards risks occurred, which are within the scope of this risk identification including 2 extremely high risks, 28 high risks, 5 medium risks and 1 low risk. The proportion of disasters located at extremely high risks is 18.18%, and the proportion of disasters occurred at high risks is 9.21%. The results of risk identification have been effectively verified. [Conclusions] The research results significantly reduced the losses caused by geo-hazards in Mizhi County, and provided scientific references for effectively and accurately preventing and controlling the loess geo-hazards.

Abstract:This paper is the result of comprehensive geological survey engineering of carbon peak and carbon neutrality.[Objective] To achieve the carbon neutrality, the carbon dioxide geological storage in saline aquifers is considered as the bottom technology in the field of fossil energy in China. With the increasingly extensive and in-depth research on the evaluation of storage potential at different geological scales, it is urgent to establish a unified classification system and scientific evaluation methods for storage potential. [Methods] This paper refers to the geological exploration experience of solid minerals, oil and gas minerals, as well as the potential levels and evaluation methods of saline aquifer carbon dioxide storage at home and abroad. It divides the stages and potential levels of saline aquifer carbon dioxide storage in China, and proposes potential evaluation ideas, calculation formulas, and important coefficient values for reference. [Results] Firstly, by setting four stages of the requirements for exploration and geological understanding of the storage sites, i.e. general exploration, detailed exploration, advanced exploration and injection, the carbon dioxide storage potential is divided into four levels: geological potential, technically capacity, technically-commercial capacity and engineering reserves. The general exploration stage corresponds to the possible level (Level D), the detailed exploration stage corresponds to the probable level (Level C), the advanced exploration stage corresponds to the proved level (Level B), and the injection stage corresponds to the engineering level (Level A). Secondly, the assessment on carbon dioxide storage potential can be carried out in process of reservoir selection, potential grading and calculation, and the effective reservoirs should be selected considering storage conditions, sealing ability, stability of storage complex, and development of deep resources. At last, for different levels of carbon dioxide storage potential calculation, formulas of volume method or mechanism method, as well as geological coefficient, displacement coefficient, cost coefficient and other key parameters should be reasonably selected according to the application scenarios. The carbon dioxide storage potential should be assessed using numerical simulation with different injection schemes in the detailed exploration stage. [Conclusions] The potential assessment on carbon dioxide storage in saline aquifers should include a multi-scale and multi-level dynamic evaluation mechanism with a precision from low to high. The classification and assessment methodology of carbon dioxide geological storage in saline aquifers proposed could provide support (references) for potential of different regions and assessment stages, and also the management of deep underground space for saline aquifer carbon dioxide storage. However, the potential calculation formulas and key coefficient values are still need to be innovated through a large number of lab experiments, numerical simulation and project practices, as that are more consistent with the actual storage sites.

Abstract:This paper is the result of geological survey engineering.[Objective] Zhengguang gold deposit in Heilongjiang Province is located in the Ordovician Duobaoshan island arc belt on the northwest side of Nenjiang—Heihe NE trending fault zone in the eastern margin of Xing'an block. By study of the ore samples in the main metallogenic period, we aim to explore the source of ore-forming fluids. [Methods] Nine ore samples from the main metallogenic stage were selected for systematic study of the He, Ar and S isotopic compositions. [Results] The results show that the ³He/⁴He and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar ratios for fluid inclusions of pyrite and galena in the gold-bearing quartz veins are 1.95×10^-6-5.03×10^-6 and 349.1-453.9, respectively. The mantle-derived He accounting for 13.17%-44.67%, averagely 27.58%, indicating that the metallogenic fluid is mainly atmospheric precipitation, with the composition of mantle fluid as well, reflecting that the mineralization of gold deposit is closely related to mantle activity. The δ³⁴S of minerals is-1.2‰ - -3.9‰, averagely -2.33‰, probably from deep mantle fluid, also with the addition of crustal fluid. [Conclusions] The oceanic crust subducted toward Xing’an block, with mantle wedge metasomatized by the subducted fluid, and resulted in partial melting and fluid rising to the shallow surface mixed with the downward precipitation to form the metallogenic fluids. The decrease of temperature and pressure and fluid boiling lead to the change of physical and chemical conditions of the metallogenic fluids and precipitate metallogenic materials.

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