Multi-scale exploration of mineral system: Concept and progress-A case study in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt
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摘要:
在全球矿产勘查逐渐转向“绿地”、深部和覆盖区的大背景下，急需成矿理论的指导。20世纪末提出的成矿系统概念由于其强大的区域成矿预测功能，引起了矿业界广泛的关注和研究。本文首先回顾了成矿系统的概念、组成和分类，然后讨论了成矿系统主要组成部分的探测和识别方法，最后结合笔者近年在长江中下游成矿带开展的多尺度探测，讨论了陆内典型成矿系统的深部过程、地壳结构和地球物理响应，并对成矿系统概念在成矿预测领域的应用前景进行了展望。本文主要结论：（1）成矿系统是由控制矿床形成和保存所有要素构成的自然系统，基本组成单元包括“源区”、“通道”和“场所”，每个组成单元都包括复杂的物理、化学和动力学过程；（2）矿床是成矿系统多尺度深部过程耦合在某一“点上”的“结果”。成矿系统在演化过程中，各种物理、化学作用对地壳和岩石圈地幔进行了强烈“改造”，留下各种物理、化学和矿物学“痕迹”，这些“痕迹”改变了岩石的地球物理性质，具有很好的可探测性；（3）基于长江中下游多尺度探测结果，提出了陆内典型成矿系统“源区”形成过程、控制岩浆/流体迁移的“通道”和物质沉淀场所的新认识；（4）在地学大数据、机器学习、人工智能不断发展的今天，成矿系统和基于成矿系统的多尺度成矿预测将是未来的重要研究方向。
Abstract:The guidance of metallogenic theory is urgently needed under the background that global mineral exploration is gradually turning to the target at "greenfields", deep earth and coverage areas. The concept of metallogenic system proposed at the end of the last century has attracted extensive attention and study of the mining industry due to its powerful function of regional mineralization forecasting. In this study, first and foremost, the authors review the concept, components and classification of mineral systems. Then the methods of detecting and identifying the main components of the metallogenic system are discussed. Last but not least, the deep process, crustal structure and geophysical response of typical intracontinental metallogenic systems are discussed based on the authors' multi-scale exploration in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt in recent years, and the application of the concept of mineral system in the field of metallogenic prediction is also prospected. The main conclusions of this paper are as follows:(1) The mineral system is a natural system that comprises all the essential factors controlling the formation and preservation of deposits, with basic components of "source", "path" and "site". Each component includes complex physical, chemical and kinetic processes. (2) A deposit is the 'result' of multi-scale deep processes coupling at a certain 'point' in the mineral system. During the evolution of the mineral system, various physical and chemical processes have strongly "modified" the crust and lithospheric mantle, leaving behind various physical, chemical, and mineralogical "footprints" with significant detectability due to the altered geophysical properties. (3) A new model was proposed based on the multi-scale exploration in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt, for the understanding of "source", "path" and "site" of a typical intracontinentalmetallogenic system. (4) Mineral system based multi-scale target predication will be a prospective research direction in the future, with the continuous developing of geoscience big data, machine learning and artificial intelligence.
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致谢: 感谢《中国地质》编辑部邀请出版此“深部地质调查工程专辑”。编辑部郝梓国、王学明两位老师对专辑的出版给予了精心指导和大力帮助，在此表示衷心感谢。
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图 1 长江中下游成矿带及邻区构造格架及主要矿集区位置示意图（据Pan and Dong, 1999；Mao et al., 2011修改）
1—晚侏罗—早白垩世花岗岩(156~137 Ma); 2—白垩纪火山岩和次火山岩(< 135 Ma); 3—A型花岗岩带; 4—斑岩-矽卡岩-层控复合型CuAu-Mo矿床(> 135 Ma); 5—矽卡岩型Fe-Cu矿床(> 135 Ma); 6—玢岩型Fe矿床(< 135 Ma); XGF—襄樊—广济断裂; TLF—郯庐断裂; YCF—阳新—常州断裂; 左上角插图显示长江中下游成矿带位置
Figure 1. Geological subdivision of middle and lower Yangtze River metallogenic belt and neighboring areas showing the location of the major ore concentration areas (modified from Pan and Dong, 1999; Mao et al., 2011)
1- Late Jurassic - Early Cretaceous granite (156- 137 Ma); 2- Cretaceous volcanic and subvolcanic (< 135 Ma); 3- A- type granites; 4-Porphyry-skarn-stratabound complex Cu-Au-Mo deposits (> 135 Ma); 5-Skarn Fe-Cu deposit (> 135 Ma); 6-Porphyry-type Fe deposits (< 135 Ma); XGF-Xiangfan-Guangji fault; TLF-Tancheng-Lujiang fault; YCF-Yangxin-Changzhou fault. Insert map shows the location of the middle and lower Yangtze River metallogenic belt
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图 2 长江中下游成矿带及典型矿集区多尺度综合地球物理探测工作部署图（据吕庆田等，2015）
1—主要断裂；2—固定地震台站；3—流动地震台站；4—MT测深点；5—反射地震剖面，浅蓝色为非SinoProbe剖面；6—广角反射接收点；7—广角反射激发点。TLF—郯庐断裂；XHF—响水—淮阴断裂；CHF—滁河断裂；MSF—茅山断裂；JNF—江南断裂；SDF—寿县—定远断裂；XMF—晓天—磨子潭断裂；XGF—襄樊—广济断裂
Figure 2. Map showing the layout and location of multi-scale integrated geophysical exploration over the middle and lower Yangtze Metellogenic belt and major ore concentration areas(after Lü et al., 2015)
1-Major faults; 2- Permanent seismic stations; 3- Portable broad-band seismic stations; 4-MT sounding points; 5-Reflection seismic profile, yellow represents non-SinoProbe profiles; 6-Wide-angle stations; 7-Wide-angle shot points. TLF-Tan-Lu Fault; XHF-Xiangshui-Huaiyin Fault; CHF-Chehe Fault; MSF-Maoshan fault; JNF-Jiangnan Fault; SDF-Shouxian-Dingyuan Fault; XMF-Xiaotian-Mozitan Fault; XGF-Xiangfan-Guangji Fault
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图 3 长江中下游及邻区区域大地电磁反演结果（据Qiu et al., 2018修改）
a—0~50 km体积电导率图像；b—20 km深度电阻率切片图像；TLF—郯城—庐江断裂；XGF—襄樊—广济断裂；YCF—阳新—常州断裂；JSF—江山—绍兴断裂
Figure 3. The three-dimensional MT inversion results in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River and adjacent areas
a- The volume conductivity image from 0 to 50 km; b-The resistivity slice of 20 km in depth; TLF-Tancheng-Lujiang fault; XGF- Xiangfan-Guangji fault; YCF-Yangxing-Changzhou fault; JSF-Jiangshan-Shaoxing fault(modified from Qiu et al., 2018)
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图 4 NW-11-01深地震反射偏移剖面片段（a）及地质解释图（b）（据Lü et al., 2015）
注：地质解释背景为地震线条图上。注意沿江凹陷及宁芜火山岩盆地之下的“鳄鱼嘴”构造，以及长江深断裂（CJF）及主逆冲断裂（MTF）的组成和空间形态。TWT—双程走时；Pt–Pz—元古宙—古生代地层；Pz—古生代地层；Mz—中生代地层；E, F, G, 和H表示相对独立的中地壳块体
Figure 4. Part of raw (a) and interpreted (b) migrated seismic line of NW-11-01(after Lü et al., 2015)
Note:The geological interpretation is made on the skeletonized seismic section. Note the"crocodile"structure beneath Yangtze River bed and Ningwu volcanic basin and the spatial features and composition of the Yangtze River deep fault (CJF) and the major thrust fault (MTF). TWT-Two Way Travel Time; Pt-Pz-Proterozoic-Paleozoic strata; Pz-Paleozoic strata; Mz-Mesozoic strata; E, F, G, and H represent comparatively middle crust blocks
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