This paper is the result of CCUS(Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage) engineering.

Objective At present, global warming is one of the most serious challenges in the world. To reduce carbon emissions, carbon dioxide geological storage emerge as an effective way. However, the process may bring a series of impacts on both the reservoir and the cap layer, creating a risk of carbon dioxide leakage. The change of reservoir physical parameters before and after CO₂ injection lays a theoretical basis for geophysical monitoring methods such as logging, seismic, electromagnetic and gravity.

Methods This paper firstly outlines the potential risks of carbon dioxide geological storage and the corresponding geophysical monitoring methods, then discusses the research progress of various geophysical monitoring techniques in the field of carbon dioxide geological storage, and finally analyzes the technical challenges and application limitations faced by current geophysical monitoring techniques, while also looking ahead to their future development.

Results In the face of numerous geomechanical difficulties that may develop throughout the carbon dioxide geological storage process, we can use a variety of geophysical monitoring approaches to target them. For example, we can utilize INSAR, microseismic and time−lapse gravity methods for surface deformation; microseismic methods for induced seismicity; and well−logging methods to damage wellbore integrity. For tracking carbon dioxide plume transportation and potential leakage, time−lapse gravity/seismic, microseismic, and resistivity tomography methods can all play important roles. The advancement of geophysical monitoring technology has given us tremendous confidence in practical applications, but the limitations of the technology itself, the complexity of data processing, and the constraints of the field environment remain significant difficulties that must be addressed. With the booming development of artificial intelligence, geophysical monitoring technology also has new development prospects. In addition, the comprehensive utilization of multi−source information will foster innovation and progress in geophysical monitoring technologies.

Conclusion Carbon dioxide geological storage is a new opportunity for the geophysical industry brought by the dual−carbon target, and vigorously developing a suitable long−term and stable monitoring system for carbon dioxide geological storage is an important application field for geophysics to develop new markets. Leveraging the wave of artificial intelligence and integrating multiple geophysical methods to monitor carbon dioxide geologic storage projects is a trend for the future.