This paper is the result of geological environment survey engineering. [Objective] Luanchuan County is a typical molybdenum mining area in China. It is of great significance to find out the heavy metals pollution of farmland soil around the molybdenum mining area for regional environmental pollution prevention, mine ecological restoration and sustainable development of mining industry. [Methods] This study systematically investigated and analyzed 54 topsoil samples from the farmland in Chitudian Town around the typical molybdenum mining area, obtained the contents and spatial distribution characteristics of Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb, Hg, As, Cr, Ni, and evaluated the heavy metal pollution, ecological risk and health risk by the geo-accumulation index method, potential ecological risk index method and health risk index method. [Results] Compared with the risk screening values for soil contamination of agricultural land, Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb are the main elements exceeding the standard, As exceeds the standard with a few of samples, and Hg, Cr, Ni are not exceeded; The spatial distribution characteristics show that: Area A where around the molybdenum mining area is the main distribution area with high content of Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb, which decreases gradually with the increase of distance, and the order of over-standard value is area A>area B>area C; According to the values of geo-accumulation index, Hg, As, Cr and Ni are generally pollution-free, and the pollution of Cd is moderate to heavy degree, while Cu, Zn , Pb are light to heavy degree, showing the order of pollution degree are Cd > Pb > Zn > Cu and area A>area B>area C; In terms of potential ecological risk, study area shows slight ecological risk, which area A is higher than that of other areas B and C, and Cd is the most prominent element; The non-carcinogenic health risk index is less than 1, with the order of Cr > As > Pb > Ni > Cd > Cu > Zn > Hg, and the carcinogenic health risk index is less than 1×10-4, with the order of Ni > Cr > As > Cd, which is an acceptable risk level. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk indexes of children are higher than those of adults. [Conclusions] There is a certain degree of heavy metals pollution of Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb in the farmland soil around the molybdenum mining area, reaching the degree of medium pollution to heavy pollution, but the overall ecological risk is low, and the risks of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health are within a reasonable range. The risk of people suffering from cancer and non-carcinogenic diseases due to the influence of heavy metals in the soil is low. Children are more sensitive and vulnerable to heavy metals, so it is necessary to strengthen protection.